Spark The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise in the Brain

In the book, Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and The Brain by Dr. John J. Ratey, MD (2008), Ratey discuses how exercise can help treat many mood disorders and how it can help strengthen our brains. This book is divided into ten chapters all with five to ten subsections in them. The chapters include: Welcome to the revolution: A Case Study on Exercise and the brain, Learning, Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Attention Deficit, Addiction, Hormonal Changers, Aging, and the Regimen. The book begins by explaining how important exercise and being active is to our health and well-being. The author then transitions into a story about Naperville Central High School. This high school was in the forefront of a revolutionary new concept†¦show more content†¦In people with depression medication is often used to start the treatment but patients who adopted a workout plan, were able to decrease their medication or stop taking it altogether. In people with Attention Deficit dis order exercise helped tremendously. There focus improved and symptoms subsided. Attention Deficit is caused from a malfunction of the brain’s attention system. A diffuse linkage of neurons that hitches together areas controlling arousal, and motivation and movement is the result. Exercise helps in rewiring parts of the brain that control focus and motivation. Overall this book was a very good read. The information about the brain was laid out well, and the information was explained very clearly for most of the book. My favorite part of the book was the chapter on stress. This chapter was the most informative in my opinion. In this chapter the author references to a study that was conducted by the department of energy. This study was conducted in the 1980’s and it was designed to study the health impacts of sustained radiation exposure. Two groups of nuclear shipyard workers from Baltimore were studied. They both had similar jobs except one group was exposed to very low levels of radiation from the materials they handled, and the other was not. The DOE studied them for eight years. The findings were interesting. The twenty-eight thousand workers that were exposed to radiation had a 25% lower mortality rate. They found thatShow MoreRelatedReview Of The Book Spark 1200 Words   |  5 PagesReview of the Book Spark Colleen A. Hendy University of Texas at Arlington College of Nursing and Health Innovation In partial fulfillment of the requirements of N3335 Promoting Healthy Lifestyles Cynthia Koomey, MSN, RN May 6, 2017 Review of the Book Spark In the book â€Å"Spark† author John J. Ratey, MD describes how exercise can physically help out our brains. Anywhere from doing better on a test, improving grades, combating stress, anxiety, and depression; to helping with addiction, hormonalRead MoreThroughout My Life I Have Struggled With My Weight, Depression,1097 Words   |  5 Pagesweight, depression, anxiety, and attention defecit disorder. I have narcolepsy, which causes me to always be tired. If I didn’t exercise, I would be so much more tired. It’s amazing to read all the many ways exercise affects the body in a positive way. Regular exercise helps with alertness in people of all ages. Regular exercise by a pregnant mother can even help with the brain development of the newborn. John Hatey is a selfless, generous, heroic man who found a problem and needed to solve it. Why areRead MoreExercising The Exercise Of Exercise927 Words   |  4 Pagesthink that you could do. When exercising you are working your brain in ways that it is not normal worked. Many people do not understand the importance of exercising and do not get the recommended amount of exercise. According to Centers of Disease Control (CDC), â€Å"80 percent of American adults don’t get the recommended exercise.† 323,607,375 million people live in the United States and only 80 percent exercise. As a result in regular exercise, one’s mind, attitude, and how one lives their day to dayRead MoreThe Healthy Aging Program1590 Words   |  6 Pageseffects of time are thought to be new and innovative, when often; it is many tried and true methods that are the most efficacious. This is as important for medical specialists, geriatric caregivers, and even family caregivers those in the trenches who are faced with the daunting and daily tasks of helping to care for our aged (Family Caregivers, 2010). They know that using physical activity to bolster biological reactions is one of these methods that work and now science has proven that certain chemicalsRead MoreResearch Methods For Sports And Health Sciences2251 Words   |  10 PagesJennifer Danielson Research Methods for Sports and Health Sciences Larry Flegle 24 June 2015 Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning in Youth with Implications for Adult Work Productivity Plato once said, â€Å"In order for man to succeed in life, God provided him with two means, education and physical activity. Not separately, one for the soul and the other for the body, but for the two together. With these two means, man can attain perfection.† If we delve into this quote we can see that evenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Project Part 21840 Words   |  8 Pagescontains, which might prove to be helpful when utilized for this research project: Ratey, J. J. Hagerman, E. (2008). Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company. This book essentially provides statistical information and cases studies that there is a positive correlation between performing physical activities and brain activity. Much of this book is centered on a case study and experimentation that pertains to how physical activity translatesRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages GP NOTES 2010 (ESSAY) Content Page 1. Media a. New vs. Traditional b. New: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technologyRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagesfresh thinking that is the root of innovation. It has dozens of simple tricks that any person and any team can use today to discover the new ideas that solve the important problems. Buy it now and read it tonight. Tomorrow you will learn more, create more, inspire more.† Chairman of the Executive Committee, Intuit Inc. â€Å" e Innovator’s DNA sheds new light on the once-mysterious art of innovation by showing that successful innovators exhibit common behavioral habits—habits that can boostRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages..................................................................................... 17 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................. 18 Exercises ............................................................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 2 Claims, Issues, and Arguments ......................................................Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesorder to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Eric Svendsen

Globalization of South Africa - 8279 Words

THE RAINBOW NATION, GOING BEYOND THE HORIZON - GLOBALIZATION OF SOUTH AFRICA – ABSTRACT This paper examines the advantage, disadvantage, trade and FDI in SA from globalization perspective. South Africa(SA) is the one of the post BRICs country and it has largest economy market in Africa. Following the democratic elections of 1994, SA corporations moved with alacrity into the rest of Africa and beyond. Mining houses led the way, followed by manufacturers and financial institutions. Multinational companies also have branched in SA because it is a beachhead for the Africa and takes 70% of African trade. The Government also supports the infrastructure and gives a tax benefit for better business environment. On top of that, now SA is facing†¦show more content†¦1 2. SOUTH AFRICA South Africa(SA) is a culturally diverse country, one nation made up of many peoples. With 11 different official languages, a multiplicity of traditions and skin tones, SA is often called as the rainbow nation of Africa. A. Geography Located at the southern tip of the Afr Africa continent, SA has 48.7 million people in the area of 1.2 million km2. Among the population, 79.3% are blacks, 9.1% are whites, 9.0% are colored and the rest of them are Asians. SA has three capital cities: Cape Town, the largest of the three, is the le legislative capital; Pretoria is the administrative capital; and Bloemfontein is the judicial capital (Figure 2). FIGURE 2. SOUTH AFRICA B. History In 1652 the Dutch East India Company founded a cape colony at Cape Town as a gateway to India. Cape Town became a British colony in 1806. European settlement expanded during the 1820s as the Boers (original Dutch, Flemish, German and French settlers) and the British 1820 Settlers claimed the land in the north and east of the country. The discovery of diamonds and later gold triggered the conflict known as the Anglo Anglo-Boer War, as the Boers and the British fought for the control of the SA mineral wealth. Although the Boers were defeated, the British gave limited independence to SA in 1910 as a British dominion. In 1961, the country became aShow MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantages of Globalization on South Africa767 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization is the shrinking of the world and the increased consciousness of the world as a whole. It is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that is a result of dramatically increased cross-border trade, investment, and cultural exchange. Globalization has been dominated by the nation-state, national economies, and national cultural identities. The new form of globalization is an interconnected world and global mass culture, often referred to as a global villageRead MoreBenefits Of Economic Globalization On South Africa Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesGVPT200-Essay II South Africa has reaped the benefits of economic globalization first hand as it has emerged to become a major economic power in Africa, especially in recent years. This country has been infamously plagued by apartheid, an inhumane policy of segregation based on grounds of race, which also had economic consequences as trade sanctions were established in 1986 by the United States in response to South Africa’s policy of apartheid. However, apartheid ended in the 1990s and the South AfricanRead MoreThe Impact of Globalization on IBM, South Africa640 Words   |  3 PagesIBM South Africa Globalization has become an omnipresent buzz word over the last decade. As a result of globalization, multi-national corporations (MNCs) are attempting to inject homogenization throughout international processes to streamline business. Increasing numbers of companies are expanding internationally and they have to reconcile business practices in some fashion; especially in Africa. Many international subsidiaries operate with business practices that are tailored to suit that particularRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Globalization on South Africa Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagespast 30 years the globalisation of the economy led by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and transnational entities have happened at a very quick pace. These institutions have pressured governments of developing countries such as South Africa to remove barriers to the cross-border flow of capital and products. Even though globalisation is a positiveRead MoreThe Impact of Globalization on the Retail Industry in South Africa2468 Words   |  10 PagesThe impact of Globalization on the Retail Industry in South Africa by Niezaam Jedaar 18 March 2011 Submitted as part of the requirements for Business Fundamentals in the B Tech (I.T.) program at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology PLAGIARISM DECLARATION Plagiarism is defined as the unacknowledged or unattributed copying of material from any information source whether written, printed or electronic. This includes copying from a fellow student. The use of such material is a formRead MoreThe Impact of Globalization on the Health Sector in South Africa3308 Words   |  14 PagesThe Impact of Globalization on the Health Sector in South Africa After the Apartheid era, massive inequalities in income, health status, access to health care and other social services continued to dominate in South Africa. The Apartheid era was a system of racial segregation that was implemented in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Due to colonization, whites had ruled South Africa for several centuries, which resulted in the creation of a system that was constructed to serve as a legal frameworkRead MoreThe Effects of Globalization1678 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Globalization Globalization involves shrinking or reduction of the world as well as an increased consciousness in regards to the world as a whole. Globalization is a term which is used in the description of changes in societies and the economy of the world which results in a dramatic increase in investment, cross border trade s well as cultural exchange. Globalization is dominated by nation states, economies of national and the cultural identities of nations. Globalization creates anRead MoreThe Impact of Globalization on Africas Social and Economic Conditions1594 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Globalization on Africas Social and Economic Conditions In the twentieth century, the phenomenon of globalization rapidly swept across the world forcefully and powerfully. The very concept of globalization is difficult to exactly define, as it has vast meanings to a vast number of people. Globalization is a relatively new term used to describe a very old process. It is a historical course of action that began with our human ancestors moving out of Africa to spread all over the globeRead MoreUuhujsdkkd1008 Words   |  5 PagesLouise Gonzales Legacies of Historical Globalization – Hand In Assignments 1) How does the map on p.144 of Exploring Globalization demonstrate the spread of historical globalization and colonial influence? Explain using examples. The map demonstrates the spread of historical globalization and colonial influence because it represents the European Imperialism and Europe’s scramble for empire. European Imperialism contributed to the spread of science, religion, philosophyRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The World1244 Words   |  5 Pageshave access to similar services and products. Let it be fashion, entertainment of even food. Everybody is adopting similar habits. That’s the power of globalization. Globalization is the process by which the world is interconnected through technology and powerful infrastructure for the purpose of communicating and managing resources. Globalization seems to talk about several vibrant phenomena which ensure two major components. Firstly, they function across national boundaries and secondly, they result

Supermarket Trolley Positioning System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Supermarket Trolley Positioning System. Answer: Introduction The following study deals with the necessary information that is required to establish a supermarket in the Tasmanian region in Australia. Since the people in that region are devoid of Aldi, the market has a huge demand for the particular brand as it offers cheap yet better quality of products. The resources that are required to build a supermarket has been established along with the plans and the communication that is necessary for the establishment of the store successfully. The quality of the products will be good, as the company will reduce its cost of production so that it can provide the goods at a cheaper price to the customers. The company has to maintain an excellent system of monitoring and controlling so that the establishment can be built with a minimum cost and the benefits can be passed on to the customers. The supermarket model has a structure that needs to be followed for the successful implementation of the business. To make the supermarket successful, the suppliers need to be identified who will transport the products to the warehouses of the Aldi in Tasmania. They will in turn transport the goods to the Aldi stores for the customers to choose from a variety of products. The physical resources for the supermarket will be the warehouses where the products will be stored after being purchased from the suppliers. Another physical resource is the Aldi store that will be setup in Tasmania. This will allow the customers to visit the supermarket and purchase their products (Abdul-Ghafoor et al. 2014). The employees of the company will constitute of the human resources who has to be trained so that they can increase their productivity levels within the organization. The HR department of the company has to be efficient in identifying the suitable needs of the company so that recruitment can be done on that basis (Briggs and Chowdhury 2014). Another important resource is the capital resource for the supermarket to set up. The capital needs to be spent in an efficient way so that the amount is not spent on extra expenses. This will help in planning the building accordingly. The purchase of the raw materials has to be in an organized manner so that the products are not wasted in the work process. The RD team of the organization needs to monitor the outcome of the process constantly so that there is no delay and wastage of the resources that are being procured by the organization (Abdul-Ghafoor et al. 2014). HR Plan, Stakeholders, Communication management Human resource planning at Aldi is inclusive of the different activities, which includes the analysis of the recruitment talent and a better working environment of the employees. The company has to maintain good relationship with the employees by identifying their weaknesses in the organization and helping them to develop it. The HR department of the company has to understand the requirement of the organization and the kind of employees that the organization needs to increase their sales. This will help in maximizing the profits of the firm by increasing the sales for the company. The HR has to retain the employees by giving them attractive salaries and incentives, which will help them to be dedicated towards the organization. The employees have to work as a multicultural, which will help them in achieving the targets that has been set to them by the organization (Fernandes et al. 2017). The stakeholders of the company will be the investors who will invest in the successful establishment of the company in Tasmania. The employees and the people will also be the major stakeholders of the company, as they will help in the profit-maximization and the welfare of the organization (Richardson and Hinton 2015). The communication strategy of the company should upwards, downwards and lateral communication. The upward and downward communication process will help in the interaction between the management body and the employees. The lateral communication process will help in communication between the employees in between the departments (Fernandes et al. 2017). The quality of the products and the services that will be offered by the company will be to deliver the goods to the customers at a cheaper price. It will however be priced cheaply but the quality of the products will not be hampered. This will help in attracting large customers and creating a big base for the company. The company has to take advantage of the economies of scale that are present in the current location so that it can manage the cost of the products effectively. The core values of the company are to be simple while purchasing the goods from the suppliers and be consistent in their pricing policies so that they can manage their customers responsibly (Orel and Kara 2014). The company will also maintain the quality while reducing the cost of production by maintaining lean production principles. This will help in giving the benefits to the customers, as the company will be able to reduce the cost of its goods and products. The company will have to have a deposit system for the trolleys so that the customers who use the system will return it back to the stores. This will help in ensuring that the company can minimize its wastes and reduce the number of employees, as the customers will return the trolleys to the company once they have used it (Kitapci et al. 2013). Control and monitoring system The company needs to constantly monitor and control the work that is being done within the organization. The company needs to have a strategy that will help them to review their budget so that they can understand the extra costs that needs to be curtailed to increase the profits. The strategies need to be developed over a period and implementation of it needs to be done after testing it thoroughly. The managers and the employees need to receive incentives so that they can remain motivated in the workplace and serve the organization efficiently. The control and monitoring team needs to ensure that the employees are well aware of the vision and the mission of the company so that they can adhere to it (Batista, Freitas and Jota 2014). The supermarket company needs to organize a feedback process, which should be based on the core values of the company. The availability and transparency of the data needs to be maintained by the team so that it increases the employment and retention level of the employees in the organization. The team needs to look after the overall quality of the systems so that the problems that will arise within the organization can be solved instantly. The maintenance of the place needs to be done by the team so that it will help in the smooth functioning of the organization (Zhang et al. 2014). Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that the supermarket can make profits because of the efficient management of the resources that includes human and financial. The communication network for establishing the supermarket is very strong, as it will help in better understanding of the knowledge with the stakeholders of the company. The quality strategy of the company will be to offer the best quality of products to the customers so that it will help in building a relationship between the customers and the company. the monitoring and controlling of the raw materials to build up the establishment needs to be looked after in a proper manner so that there is no loss in work in progress and no excess amount is lost in transit. This will help in ensuring that the company can keep a low production cost so that the goods supplied to the customers can be done at a lower price. Reference List Abdul-Ghafoor, O.B., Ismail, M., Nordin, R. and Shaat, M., 2014. Resource Allocation in Multiuser Multi-Carrier Cognitive Radio Network via Game and Supermarket Game Theory: Survey, Tutorial, and Open Research Directions.TIIS,8(11), pp.3674-3710. Batista, A.P., Freitas, M.E.A. and Jota, F.G., 2014. Evaluation and improvement of the energy performance of a building's equipment and subsystems through continuous monitoring.Energy and Buildings,75, pp.368-381. Briggs, A. and Chowdhury, S., 2014, February. Economic Development, Food Demand and the Consequences for Agricultural Resource Requirements (Indonesia). In2014 Conference (58th), February(pp. 4-7). Fernandes, A.C., Fernandes, A.C., Sampaio, P., Sampaio, P., Sameiro, M., Sameiro, M., Truong, H.Q. and Truong, H.Q., 2017. Supply chain management and quality management integration: A conceptual model proposal.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,34(1), pp.53-67. Kitapci, O., Taylan Dortyol, I., Yaman, Z. and Gulmez, M., 2013. The paths from service quality dimensions to customer loyalty: An application on supermarket customers.Management Research Review,36(3), pp.239-255. Orel, F.D. and Kara, A., 2014. Supermarket self-checkout service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty: Empirical evidence from an emerging market.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(2), pp.118-129. Richardson, K.B. and Hinton, M., 2015.Applied Public Relations: Cases in Stakeholder Management. Routledge. Zhang, Z., Tao, X., Zeng, L. and Wang, C., 2014. Supermarket trolley positioning system based on ZigBee.Applied Mechanics Materials.

Social Concerns in Sociology Essay Example

Social Concerns in Sociology Essay Dying and bereavement all cause us extremely painful emotions, some of which other people do not survive. Not all people are capable of dealing with death and dying and of being left. Dealing with loss is a constant challenge that all of us will have to deal with at one point in our lives. A relative or a close friend may die, and dealing with it may take us years. It is a totally different story, then, if we take about dealing with loss in large numbers. In this case, death, dying and bereavement is not only a personal issue, but a social concern. For example, tsunamis hit a large town, or an earthquake strikes to totally destroy a country. Not all cases of massive deaths are caused by natural disasters, though. Even our fellow people are capable of executing evil plans to kill thousands of people. A classic and yet up-to-date example would be the conflict between the Palestinians and the IDF, also known as the Israel Defense Forces. This conflict has been existent for too long a time already, and the whole world was expecting that the conflict has been put to rest, only to find out that after a few years, the conflict is still here to be a more complicated and destructive one. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Concerns in Sociology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Concerns in Sociology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Concerns in Sociology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Current Social Issue When it comes to a seemingly-endless conflict between Israel and Palestine, it is no wonder that one will immediately think about the Israel-Gaza conflict. There is a conventional warfare, and a highly large-scale one at that, extending outside the boundaries of the Gaza Strip, which started when Operation Summer Rains was spearheaded by Israel. Gaza Strip refers to a coastal strip that outlines Egypt and Israel. It is a Palestinian City (Egeland, 2008, p. 45). The conflict starts from the so-called Operation Summer Rains. This is a codename used by the Israelites. Operation Summer Rains refers to military operation led by the Israel Defense Forces which they were planning to launch on June 28, 2006. During this date, the first major ground operation was also started exactly along the whole of the Gaza Strip (Egeland, 2008, p. 45). Israel was planning to ruin the said strip, and the actual planning was made from August to September 2005. After Operation Summer Rains, another tragic event happened on November 1. It was another operation for launching weapons of mass destruction, which the IDF referred to as Operation Autumn Clouds (Egeland, 2008, p. 45). The Reason Behind The Military Operations What Israel wants is to suppress the plans of Gaza. Gaza has been planning a firing on Israel, and Israel’s operations were all part of counter-attacks to shield itself from destruction that Gaza may cause. Aside from this, Israel also launched these operations to make certain that Corporal Gilad Shalit will be released.Hamas, the Palestinian militant group, captured Corporal Gilad Shalit on June 25 (Egeland, 2008, p. 45). Having Corporal Gilad Shalit captured was a big part of the whole conflict because during the time when he was captured by the Hamas, the Israel already surrendered to Gaza. There was a conflict between the Palestinian militant group and the IDF for the longest time, but when Israel already withdrew from Gaza, it was not expected that Hamas will still capture a personality and an asset of Israel (Egeland, 2008, p. 45). Researches and statistics show that there were a total of 757 missiles that hit Israel, all of which were coming from Gaza. Bombing lasted from the time Israel has withdrawn from Gaza, to the last days of June 2006. It was from this event that the IDF planned to retaliate towards Gaza. Israel used air weapons of destruction to attack Gaza. The said country used air raids and artillery fire (Egeland, 2008, p. 45). As the operation was taking place, shelling and rocket fire were growing. The development of the weapons was overwhelming, so it was indeed expected that several ground incursions were mounted into the strip of Gaza to attack not only infrastructures but militant groups, too. Even the tunnels located at the Philadelphi Corridor were all completely smuggled. Another overwhelming attack Israel has done to Gaza was to bomb its only source of electricity – its electrical power plant (Egeland, 2008, p. 45). After the attack, Israel announced that there would have been no retaliation at all and no damage would have been done if and only if Corporal Shalit was released as promised. Then again, after Israel has considered all the possible diplomatic means, and nothing worked to fix the relationship that has long been marred, then it had no choice but to execute the plans (Egeland, 2008, p. 45). Egypt had a significant role in this conflict because the said country served as a mediator. It became a big help in the release of Corporal Shalit. However, this has been possible because of set conditions. Egypt had the power and can effectively mediate between the issues of releasing the soldier only if Israel will free all the thousands of Palestinians it has detained (Egeland, 2008, p. 46). Operation Autumn Clouds started on November 1 and ended on the 26th through a ceasefire and a withdrawal. The deal regarding Corporal Shalit did not materialize. Ceasefire, during this time, was observed but not quite as religiously as expected, since Israel was still being hit by rockets (Egeland, 2008, p. 47). There was an average of around 45 rockets a month hitting Israel before the said country felt that it had to do a heavier form of retaliation compared to what it had already done before, hence the May 2007 violence. It was the next major revenge Israel has done (Egeland, 2008, p. 47). To better understand how much attack Israel was receiving, here are two comprehensive figures below: Figure 1. Monthly Distribution of Rocket Hits. Data from Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs Aside from the use of rockets, Gaza also used mortar shells to kill the people of Israel. The damage Gaza has been causing Israel was overwhelming. Another figure below shows how much Israel has been receiving mortar shell attacks from Gaza. These statistics suggest that it is indeed no surprise that Israel felt the need to retaliate. Figure 2. Monthly Distribution of Mortar Shells. Data from Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs Hamas did not hold itself accountable for all the damages and troubles it had caused Israel. It did not take any responsibility for the bombs and rockets thrown into Israel. Israel, on the other hand, did not raise artillery shells towards the Gaza Strip. It also did not fire tanks. Because of this, ceasefire was achieved even after the increasing issue between Fatah and Hamas (Naaman, 2005, p.29). The Roots All the groups from Palestine which were located along the strip of Gaza launched weapons of mass destruction into Israel all because Israel was known to have occupied the coasts after the 1967 Six-Day War. The conflict developed and became worse after the Second Intifida. The Second Intifida refers to a major war against the occupation of Israel. It was headed by the Palestinians located in the West Bank and Gaza (Naaman, 2005, p.29). In 2005, the plan of Israel saw it using soldiers and getting it out of Gaza. It also included dismantling the settlements of Jews that have been existent in the area for a long period of time. Israel was still manipulating and handling the peripheries of Gaza, including its airspace and coastline. The only area Israel did not occupy was the southern border because the said area was being controlled by the powers of the European Union and Egypt (Naaman, 2005, p.29). After the 2005 unilateral disengagement plan, Qassam rockets were being fired into Israel. The pacing of the conflict indeed grew undoubtedly faster in 2006 following the triumph of Hamas in the elections. It was during this time that Israel was hit with 757missiles, and it was after this event when air strikes and artillery fire was launched by Israel into Gaza (Naaman, 2005, p.30). From the last days of March to the last days of May 2006, the areas of launching of the Gaza Strip Qassam was attacked with a total of a minimum of 5,100 artillery shells. This was done in hopes of stopping Gaza from firing. In 2005, Hamas declared a ceasefire. However, Hamas did not pay or make up for the damages it has done to Israel. The leader of Hamas released a statement in February, saying that it was not an intention of Hamas to hinder other groups from using resistance with arms against Israel (Naaman, 2005, p.30). The statement of the leader of Hamas was significant because Israel was pressuring the government of Palestine to put the attacks to rest. Then again, Hamas was associated with terror attacks and rocket attacks used by other groups, including its engagement in its very own attacks, even after having considered ceasefire (Naaman, 2005, p.30). When it comes to its political context, the exchanges of attacks were a latent struggle in the territories of Palestine between Fatah and Hamas. The supporters and members of Fatah became dominant in the civil service and security forces of Palestine. Hamas, on the other hand, forwarded a complaint because they were hindering the new government’s capability to work effectively. The year 2006 was characterized by attempted assassinations, clashes and violent protests (Naaman, 2005, p.30). During this time, Hamas did not acknowledge the right to exist of Israel, nor did it reaffirm its allegiance to part agreements between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Because of this, the the Quarter (Russia, USA, UK and EU) and the government of Israel led a financial embargo on the government of Hamas (Naaman, 2005, p.30). On June 9, Gaza beach was attacked. From this incident, eight Palestinians were killed. After this, an internal military investigation by Israel was started. Chief of Staff Dan Halutz and the Defense Minister of Israel Amir Peretz appeared with Israel Defense Forces General Meir Klifi to let the general public know about the results of the investigation. It was known, then, that there were no chances that attacks were able to hit that specific location at the particular time (Naaman, 2005, p.30). The following interviews revealed the theories of Klifi, in which he said that the casualties may have been due to an ordinance from the past. It may also have rooted from a planted mine in Palestine. An employee of the Human-Rights Watch group based in the United States named Mark Garlasco said that the damages acquired by the victims from Palestine were not at all consistent with the bombing that came from underneath the sand. Hamas officially withdrew on June 10 from its ceasefire of 16 months and also started to be held accountable for the attacks caused by Qassam. The Social Impact of the Israel-Gaza Conflict Figure 3. Map of International reaction to the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict. Data from Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs On Children – According to the United Nations Children’s Fund, there were a total of 840,000 children in Gaza who were suffering from extreme stress. Because of the extremely violent events that happened, all children were traumatized. It should then be expected that there are psychological consequences that children have to deal with for a very long and almost unimaginable period of time, especially for the children who were in the middle of the conflict between the Hamas and the Israelites (Schlein, 2009). What trauma can this conflict not cause if, according to the United Nations, there have been more than 5,000 people who were wounded, and about a thousand were killed from Palestine. The United Nations Childrens Fund announced that out of all the people killed in this conflict, one third of them are children. According to Sigrid Kaag, the UNICEF Regional Director for North Africa and the Middle East, the children bearing all the harshness and violence coming from war and conflicts is nothing new. Whenever there is a social and political unrest, it is always the children who suffer most (Schlein, 2009). What, then, if these children are primarily affected? As these affected and traumatized children grow, it will be more difficult to let these kids know how important it is to be a good parent to their kids, and especially to the future generation. If these kids of today can no longer function well, then what else do they have to offer to their children and their childrens children? There will not be much normal life to live because the circumstances governing their everyday lives are more than challenging for their psychological, emotional, physical and mental capacity. It is never safe to expose children to house searches, displacements, home demolitions and killings. They need to do what a normal kid needs during development: go to school, meet friends, play and have fun. Because of the Israel-Gaza conflict, schools for children are now damaged. A lot of structures meant to teach these children no longer function as schools because extra buildings are needed to provide a shelter for all the families who were displaced during the war (Schlein, 2009). Raising children in this kind of environment is more like creating a future and a generation of anger and hate. Because of the Israel-Gaza conflict, even caregivers and parents themselves make an extra effort to look after the children. Psychological assistance is being raised by a massive scale and this is a classic manifestation of how much damage the deaths and violence is causing these kids (Schlein, 2009). On Students – Students around the world are getting busier these days. An example of an organization where students are exerting extra effort is Hillel. Hillel is known to be the worlds biggest Jewish school organization.    As an organization, there are more than 500 universities and colleges that share the same mission, vision and goals especially in recognizing the Jewish identity of students. The activities of the student-members of Hillel are now being active – all performances, efforts and activities are a manifestation of the students support to Israel. These students want to achieve stability and peace around the world, especially in the Middle East (Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life, 2009). The impact of the deaths from the Israel-Gaza conflict are felt even in the United States, because there are Hillels there, too. There had been candle-lit memorial services and new organizations being built to further show support to the victims of war (Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life, 2009). To the World Generally, the immediate effect of wars and conflicts in the society at large is that it causes large-scale damage to nations. A war is always possible if and only if there are two opposing parties who disagree. Because of the opposing parties, it automatically means, too, that there are opposing views. In this case, Israel and Gaza are not the only opposing parties, but their people, too. The supporters of each party also oppose each other. It is safe to say, then, that this whole culture of war breeds a whole new chain of hatred and violence. People give birth, while more people get killed. The future is definitely at stake, for when people are killed, resources become emptier than ever. It is through these people that economic bases became possible. It is through these people who kept the society moving. It is through these people who make this world a better place to live in. That being said, every life is worth taking care of, because every life is a big contribution to the betterment of human life. The Importance of Research Researching is a very important factor when it comes to social issues. People watch the news, read the papers, browse the Internet and learn about social issues. Then again, these methods are not enough even when these are all but part of research. Before a media outfit even releases news about a social concern, for example, the Israel-Gaza conflict, the reporter should research first and make sure that he gets his facts right before airing his news over the television. Researching is important because it gives us a space to discern our opinions and thoughts. It is a method by which an average-reasonable individual is given options as to what viewpoint to believe in. After all options are weighed, it is expected that a person assesses his thoughts and come up with a rational perspective. He then helps fight for a cause, or fight for what he thinks is right. Basically, the importance of research is to start a change. Research is the key to awareness, and awareness is the road to determine what has to be changed. Research erases ignorance and indifference. It makes the people know about the issue. It makes the citizens act, because researches show something that people need to know especially when it comes to public concern. Additional Conflicts It is also a vital part of the whole research procedure to know the advantages and disadvantages, what-could-have-beens, plan As and step 1s of supporting one side. It is expected that more conflicts and more problems will be discovered, but all these revelations are all equally important in helping the people decide about which side they think is ride, and what cause they think is right to protect. A conflict, be it intentional or unintentional, can be seen in the Israel-Gaza war because this has also been a war of religion.   Muslims and Jews suffer from unrest, too, and from opposing opinions regarding beliefs, principles and spiritual views. The students of Hillel are automatically in conflict with the other Muslim students of the world. Israel and Gaza did not intent to create this conflict. The two parties did not get into this whole fight to cause unrest in the academe. Social issues that are concerned with death, dying and bereavement are issues that help people let out their most painful emotions. As a person gets more depressed by the second, the conflict grows deeper, too. The opposing party appears to be more unforgivable, and the social issue will most likely remain a social issue for as long as it possibly can. References Auerswald, P., C. Duttweiler and Garofano, J. (2003). Clintons Foreign Policy: A Documentary Record. Kluwer Law International. Bleaney, C. H. (2008). Israel and the West   Bank and Gaza Strip. Clio Press. Egeland, J. (2008). A Billion Lives: An Eyewitness Report from the Frontlines of Humanity. Simon and Schuster. Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life. (2 February 2009). Students Around the World Respond to Gaza Conflict. Retrieved 15 February 2009 from http://www.hillel.org/about/news/2009/feb/gaza_crisis_response_worldwide_2009.htm. Naaman, N. (2005). Ancient Israel and Its Neigbhors: Interaction and Counteraction – Collected Essays. EISENBRAUNS. Schlein, L. (16 January 2009). UN: Gaza Conflict Will Have Long-Lasting Psychological Effect on Children. Voice of America. Retrieved 15 February 2009 from http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-01-16-voa63.cfm.

Life in a Hi-Tech Society essays

Life in a Hi-Tech Society essays America is the first republic in the world. They announced their independence by the Declaration of Independence in july 4th 1776. They announced their philosophy as: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness."1 And now they are the super power of the world. Technology has a very important role in this progress of America. They invest a lot of money for technological developments. I think America is an excellent example to understand the importance of technology for a society. But despite all the progress in economics, military so on, American Society is not an ideal society. They have a lot of social problems which they cant prevent. Although America is the super power of the world by its hi-tech, they still cant solve all their problems. So is it enough for a society to be strong in economics, world policy or military, to be happy? A Short Review of American Progress: From a nation of farmers, the United States was changed by the usage of the machinery and progress in production with the Industrial Revolution. Since the 1870s America is the manufacturing leader of the world and leads the world in the production of steel, automobiles and other products. By the 1990s, many advances were made in chemistry, electronics and biotechnology and produced goods from semiconducto ...

How to Write a Teaching Interview Thank You Note

How to Write a Teaching Interview Thank You Note Congratulations! You just completed your teaching job interview. But, you are not done yet. It is essential that you write a thank you letter immediately after. While a thank you note wont get you hired, not sending one could cause you to move further down the potential employee list.  A thank you letter is your last chance for the school to learn about you, and why should be chosen for the job. Obviously, you should focus on thanking the person or persons with whom you talked. However, it should also make it clear why you are qualified for the job. It is a good idea to have everything ready for your thank you note before the interview even happens including the address and the stamp. This way, you may make any last minute corrections to e-mail addresses or the spelling of names. Being prepared in this way can also help you be familiar with names in advance. As soon as you can after the interview, sit down and try to recall the questions that were asked. Think about how you answered, and what points you did or may not have  included.   This letter can be a perfect opportunity to reiterate your educational philosophy in a succinct manner or to clarify any question you think may be necessary. You may want to point out any qualifications that were not mentioned in the interview itself that you feel are important. Writing a thank you letter can also help to assuage your concerns that you forgot to mention, for example, your proficiency with technology, or that you are willing to work as a coach after school. All this reflection immediately after the interview is why you should not draft your note in advance. An effective thank you note must be based on what actually happened in the interview. Finally, be sure to send your thank you letter as soon as possible, no later than two business days. Tips and Advice for Writing a Wonderful Thank You Letter Following are some excellent tips and hints that you can use to help you write great thank you letters. In most instances, it is best to type your thank you letter. It is also acceptable to send your letter as an email. This allows the letter to get there quickly.  If you were interviewed by more than one person, you should make the effort to write a letter to each person involved.Do check out the format of thank you letters, such as the examples on the Purdue Owl Writing Lab website.Make sure to directly address the interviewer in the greeting of the letter. Never use To Whom It May Concern.Include at least three short paragraphs, but keep the letter to one page. You may consider the following outline:​The first paragraph should be dedicated one to thanking the interviewer.Use the second paragraph to talk about your skills.Use the last paragraph to repeat your thanks, and let them know you are looking forward to hearing from them soon.Avoid using a thank you template directly from books or the internet as these can be too generic. You do not want your interviewer to think tha t you are only sending the thank you because you are supposed to. Your thank you letter needs to be specific to the job (grade/subject) for which you interviewed. If you say that you are qualified for the job, back it up with a specific reason from your own resume. You can also reiterate points that you made in the interview to back up your claims. This can help the interviewer remember specific aspects of your interview.Keep your tone confident in the letter. Do not mention any weaknesses that you are afraid you might have revealed during the interview.Do not send a gift with your thank you note. This can make you seem desperate and will most probably have the opposite effect of what you hope.Do not put pressure on the interviewer about when you need to hear back by. In almost all cases, you are not in the power position, and this will make you seem pushy.Avoid outright personal flattery in your letter.It is truly important that you carefully proofread your letter. Check spelling and grammar. Make sure that you have the correct spelling of the interviewer. Nothing could be worse than sending an email to someone with their name spelled incorre ctly.

Children with Autism Extend New Words Research Paper

Children with Autism Extend New Words - Research Paper Example The research in the article was ostensibly to give the difference between the autism children and the normal children with reference to commonalities of objects extraction supporting of the category inference using the context of social-communicative (McGregor, Karla, & Allison, 2011). The different approaches given by the two groups considered in this study has a strong influence in education, for instance in the research findings, the children with autism were found to be notorious of extending nouns in relation to multiple exemplars and this was indicative that they are able to surpass the local perceptual biases (McGregor, Karla, & Allison, 2011). This is an exact opposite of their normal counterparts who suggested narrow extension. It is the deductive that children with autism can have a better grasp of knowledge and inference making that the normal children.The research in the article was ostensibly to give the difference between the autism children and the normal children with reference to commonalities of objects extraction supporting of the category inference using the context of social-communicative (McGregor, Karla, & Allison, 2011). The different approaches given by the two groups considered in this study has a strong influence in education, for instance in the research findings, the children with autism were found to be notorious of extending nouns in relation to multiple exemplars and this was indicative that they are able to surpass the local perceptual biase.

ECN 302 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ECN 302 - Essay Example Over half of the Americans have a contrary view and claim that all the government intervention achieves is causing more damage than benefits, while six percent believe that it had no effect and 17% were found to be unsure (Fox, 2012). In a contemporary era, whereby auto bailouts, maximum debt and Dodd-Frank reform, interventions by the government, seem to be the Obama administration’s solution option, according to the article. The article claims that this stand has created a deep partisan gap between supporters and the opposition of the viewpoint. It highlights that the proposition is gains support mostly from democrats while most republicans and independents oppose the approach. It further explains that more divisions resulted due to class differences, as the wealth class claimed that economy management by the government was helpful while the middle class respondents believed that government control destroyed the economy (Fox, 2012). The model states that the economy will be boosted when the governments spends enormous sums of borrowed funds. The article highlights these as it highlights how the $787 stimulus package involves federal tax reductions and expenditures on infrastructure and other government projects. These will help to address the recession crisis. The model is used to address the sluggish US economy more with the current

Kant, irrationalism and religion Essay Example for Free

Kant, irrationalism and religion Essay Abstract Kant is a philosopher, which dealt with human recognition. He has been considered as an irrationalist. Many philosophers think that he used the irrationalism to justify the trust in religion and to protect the religion from the science. In this paper I shall take a view to the philosophy of Kant on recongition and to the question if Kant is an irrationalist or not. Did he use the irrationalism to protect the religion from science? This paper shall show that Kant wasn’t an irrationalist, but he simply tried to determine the limitations of the recognition and to distinguish between what we recongize and what we simply believe. His philosophy of recognition didn’t aim at protecting the religion from the science. He tells us in some pasages of the book â€Å"The critique of pure reason† that when his theory would be accepted, the men wouldn’t concluded of what they couldn’t know really, and maybe the religion would have some benefits from it. But I think that he meant the trials to prove either the existence of God or the non-existence of God. Kanti, Irrationalism and Religion Kant was firstly influenced in his philosophy by Leibnitz and later by British empiricism. By Locke and Hume he came to the conclusion that recognition stems from the senses and he also received from Leibnizs belief that although the mind does not have any idea born, she has the innate abilities that give shape to the experience brought to it by the senses. Fundamental problem that Kant raised was on how to reconcile the absolute security that gives us mathematics and physics with the fact that our knowledge comes from the senses? Kants goal was to build the foundations of a new rationality that would be incontestable. In efforts to achieve security he assumed that the mind has three skills: 1. Reflection 2. Will 3. Feelings and he devoted a critique to each of them. Kants critique created for both rationalists and empiricists a method of transcendent or critical method, by which he meant a study of its reason, an â€Å"investigation of pure reason† to see if its judgments have universality beyond human experience and again, are necessary and related to the human experience. The logic involved in these trials may be absolutely safe and can also be applied to the world of things. Kant believed that the thought, feeling and the will are forms of reason and he decided the transcendental principles of the reason in the realm of thought, the transcendental moral principles to the will and the transcendental principles of beauty in the realm of feeling. In this paper we will try to treat if Kant is an irrational that used irrationalism to justify the religion. To clarify this we must first demonstrate his theory of knowledge and whether Kant was indeed irrational and then if he used this irrationalism to make room for faith in religion. Kant says that his goal of writing the Critique of Pure Reason was to put Metaphysics on the basis of sound and to transform it into a science. In the first entry of Critique of Pure Reason he writes: Our age is the age of criticism, to which everything must be subjected. The sacredness of religion, and the authority of legislation, are by many regarded as grounds of exemption from the examination of this tribunal. But, if they on they are exempted, they become the subjects of just suspicion, and cannot lay claim to sincere respect, which reason accords only to that which has stood the test of a free and public examination. † (Kant,2002 pg. 7,) Kant sought for the metaphysics to achieve the security of mathematics and logic. He was not a skeptic who saw the world as mere sensory appearance, but quite the contrary he was prompted to write this book as a response to the skepticism of David Hume. Kant aims to determine whether it can reach a metaphysical knowledge, and if so whether it can be arranged in a science and what its limits are. The main aim of th Pure Critique is to demonstrate how the answers to these questions can be achieved, provided that the subject is reviewed under a new angle. Kants own words regarding this are: â€Å"This attempt to alter the procedure which has hitherto prevailed in metaphysics by completely revolutionizing it . . . forms indeed the main purpose of this critique. . . . It marks out the whole plan of the science, both as regards its limits and as regards its entire internal structure† (Kant,2002). â€Å"The critique of pure reason . . . will decide as to the possibility or impossibility of metaphysics in general, and determine its sources, its extent, and its limits—all in accordance with principles. . . . I venture to assert that there is not a single metaphysical problem which has not been solved, or for the solution of which the key at least has not been supplied† (Kant, 1998). Kant divided metaphysics into two parts: the first part deals with problems that are knowable by experience such as causality, while the second part deals with the whole in general and as such we do not refer to an object that we are able to perceive, because we cannot perceive the universe as a single thing. According to Kant we can have confidence only in the first part of metaphysics (general metaphysics) and it may have scientific certainty because its facilities are given in experience and is subject to verification. On contrary, the metaphysics of the second part (special metaphysics), which is so abstract that it overcomes any kind, cannot achieve scientific safety because its concepts are blank. In the first part, metaphysics deals with everything within the universe and that it is accessible to the senses, while the metaphysics in the second half deals with the universe as a whole and undetected by the senses. Of the first questions can get a correct answer while the latter not, even though these questions is well to be made. Kant was primarily interested in clarifying whether metaphysics is possible as a science or not. He was convinced that mathematics and natural sciences were true science. But is metaphysics a science? What Kant must do to achieve a scientific metaphysics was to identify the criteria for a science and then to produce metaphysical conclusions that met these criteria. Kant believed that the first criteria of a true science were that its conclusions were both necessary and universal, as much as judgments in mathematics, and geometry are. To have such universal judgments, it’s necessary to find out how they are produced, and to do this we need to see how mathematicians and scientists achieve this. When Kant asks how metaphysics is possible, he is asking how a science of everything that exists can reach the safety of pure mathematics and natural sciences. To understand this we must understand what the concept of science is and what its elements to Kant are. We must understand the use of this concept as the standard for determining whether metaphysics in both its parts is a real science. Kant conceives the science as a system of real judgments in a specific field of research. All judgments Kant divides into two types, empirical and a priori. An empirical judgment is the judgment coming from experience and can be verified by the observation itself. Kant calls all not empirical judgments as a priori. Example of an a priori judgment is: All triangles have three angles . We verify this by observing not all triangles, but by analyzing what the subject to the judgment triangle means. We find that the real concept of the triangle is already incorporated to the concept of triangle, which is predication of our judgment. It would be contradictory to deny that the triangle has three angles. A trial verified in this way is called by Kant analytical; predicate simply explains the concept of the subject without adding anything new to him. All analytic judgments are a priori known without recourse to any particular type of experience. If all a priori judgments are analytic is another matter entirely. On the other hand we get judgment â€Å"the apple is red†. Analysis of the concept apple is not leading us to the concept red†. We need to see the apple to understand the subject. This is an empirical judgment and all empirical judgments Kant called synthetic, because they connect the subject with the predicate of the ways that are not analytical, the predicate adds a new recognition of the concept of the subject. All empirical judgments are synthetic; the survey supports the connection between subject and predicate. If all synthetic judgments are empirical-in other words if the observation is always the one that provides the link for the synthesis- is from Kant’s view of a very different matter. If metaphysics is a science consisting of judgments, these judgments are empirical or a priori? First they need to contain any existence as such, so they must be universal and necessary. For example, lets look at a judgment of metaphysics in the first part: â€Å"everything has a cause†. We cannot allow any exception to this judgment. The opposite of it would be contradictory. Lets see a judgment that belongs to the metaphysics of the second part: â€Å"the universe is eternal. Even this judgment does not allow exceptions. This means that any empirical judgment is not metaphysical. They are a priori, but are they analytical? Lets see once more the judgment â€Å"every event has a cause. † Predicate here is not included in the concept of the subject. Lets see another judgment: the universe is eternal. Even here the predicate is not included in the subject. So the typical judgments of metaphysics are synthetic and a priori. Even though they are necessary and universal, their predicates are not related to the subjects either by empirical observation or by logical connections. What makes them universal and necessary? What relationship may exist between subjects and predicate that comes neither from the experience nor is conceptual? How are synthetic judgments possible a priori? To explain the a priori synthetic judgments Kant introduces the notion of pure intuition and differentiates it from the thought. He declares that there are two basic skills of human consciousness, intuition, which is directly aware of a specific individual unit, and the thought which is indirectly aware of things through their abstract types. Each of these skills is to recognize conditions that are a priori limitations on what you can know and what cannot know from their use. A priori conditions of intuition are time and space. A priori conditions of thought are, first, a priori conditions of valid conclusions, and secondly, the conditions a priori to think about objects, forms of judgment and categories. Kant claimed that he had managed to put metaphysics of the first part in the way of science. As for Kant metaphysics is the study of everything in general, it is the study of everything that can be recognized. In this way, its findings will be a priori synthetic judgments applicable to anything that can be recognized. Kant called these researches for these a priori synthetic judgments transcendental investigation , while he is in search of conditions for recognition of all. To discover these terms means to discover to what extent is metaphysics possible as science. In the first part of metaphysics we seek transcendental conditions, universal and necessary knowledge of all things, and we are committed to stay within the limits of possible experience. The knowledge in this area consists of a final judgment S is P. We are dealing with things or objects and therefore judgments cannot be simply concepts and hence must be synthetic, adding to our knowledge. Our goal in the first part of metaphysics is to bring these items under the categories. But the categories are in themselves as empty files. They can be filled only if we look them by experience. How can one give to an abstract concept an experiencing filling? It is easy to illustrate with a first empirical content. Kant states: â€Å"The possibility of experience is . . . what gives objective reality to all our a priori cognitions. Experience, however, rests on the synthetic unity of appearances, that is, on a synthesis according to concepts of an object of appearances in general. Apart from such synthesis it would not be knowledge, but a rhapsody of perceptions which would not fit into context according to rules of a completely interconnected possible consciousness. . . . Experience, therefore, depends upon a priori principles of its form, that is, upon universal rules of unity in the synthesis of appearances. (Kant 1998). Have we arrived at the essence of metaphysics of the first part? Since the categories are a priori concepts that apply to each item, the corresponding rules for their application should be a priori rules with sensory content, unlike empirical content, a rule whose application is a retrospective sensory content. Kant is fulfilling his promise by providing us metaphysical principles which are synthetic a priori. Since all our perceptions are temporarily connected to each other, rules of application of the categories will be expressed in terms of different temporary connections that we know are a priori possible. Each of these predications, Kant calls the schema. The Schema of the category of reality is being in a specified time. The Schema of substance category is consistency of real in time. The result is vindication of metaphysics in its first part and the production of current metaphysical conclusions in this discipline. Kant believed that he had found the conditions that make possible empirical knowledge of things in general, and furthermore to show that metaphysics is possible as a science in the first part. But, what about the constituency for metaphysics in the second- in other words the study of all things considered collectively? This includes rational cosmology, the study of the universe as a whole, rational psychology, the study of the soul as something which refers to any possible knowledge, and rational theology study of the Creator and manager of everything. Kant argues that the attempt to demonstrate each of these issues is pointless. The major difficulty is that we cannot have an intuition of the universe as a whole, of the soul or God as a whole. Consequently, there is no possibility to connect the subject with the predicate in a synthetic judgment about these things, no way to verify or refute them. His conclusion is that although we may have certain knowledge in the first part of metaphysics we are excluded from the recognition in the second part of it. He reached this conclusion from a general argument, but he gives particular argument against the possibility of recognition in the second part of metaphysics. All of the alleged evidence for or against the thesis of the so-called science lead to logical absurdities. The whole universe, God, soul, his own free will and immortality can be thought of, but cannot be recognized, and the same can be said about things in themselves. All these things are noumena or simply understandable. Kant made the distinction between phenomenal and the noumenal reality. There is a difference between things we perceive and those that really do exist. The things we perceive he calls a phenomenon, while those that actually exist he calls noumena. Not only a phenomenon can be addressed to two different noumena (when two different things look the same) but also two different phenomena can be addressed to a single phenomenon (when the same thing looks different in different perspectives). Noumenon is a physical object and the phenomenon is how it looks. We cannot have any idea, what noumena are. We cannot know what is behind appearance, behind the information we receive from our senses. We cannot talk about what exists, if we don’t refer to phenomenal reality. We cannot know neither where nor noumena are, if they exist. We do not know for sure, if there is any different reality outside the reality we perceive. We cannot ever have real knowledge about noumenon in Kant’s opinion. Kant uses the word â€Å"knowledge† to refer more to what we know about the phenomenon than what we know about noumenon. This may seem like a contradiction: should not recognition be for real things, rather than simply for their appearance? But, the recognition for real things is impossible according to Kant, because we have no transcendental insight. We can think about real things, we can form beliefs about it, but we cannot have any knowledge about it because our knowledge of the world has only one source: the sensory data. (There are also other types of recognition but they do not apply to the world but only on the concepts and abstractions as mathematics. ). Since all our knowledge about the world is created by the sensory information and the sensory data are all phenomenal, then all our knowledge about the world is knowledge about the phenomena and not about noumena. I think Kant meant that although the phenomenon may be reason to talk about how something really is, only phenomena are not sufficient to show that something exists because the existence is the only feature noumena. To tell the truth one cannot have certain knowledge to show that something exists, we can only have faith that it exists. This means rocks and trees, as well as means God and the soul, but the difference is that for the trees and rocks it is not important if noumena actually exist. Even if a stone is nothing but a phenomenon, it kills again if someone hits with it, so I have to bow to avoid. Ultimately even my own head is also a phenomenon. No matter what is beyond what we know, because everything we have in the physical world are only phenomena, and this is what really counts. What can we know about things in themselves and other noumena as: God and soul? It is possible to know something about things in them, that they may not be space-time or be recognized by the application over to the categories. But this does not tell us how they are. Kant thought that we have a secure knowledge of things in themselves, that they exist, that they affect the way they affect the senses and contribute (help) content as opposed to the empirical form of recognition. We know that they exist by the fact that it would be absurd to talk about appearance if would not be out of something. We don’t know anything else about noumena. We do not know whether God exists or if everything is fixed or if we have free will, etc.. This does not mean that these concepts do not have a function. The concept of the universe as a whole, the concept of a legislator to the concept of rule and power over the universe, even though unverifiable, can serve as ideas of reasoning – as Kant calls them, that are regulatory to unify all knowledge into a system. Let us assume that we cannot know anything about noumena: is there any justification for believing that they exist or have this or that feature? By doing this question Kant did the distinction between belief and verification of a justification to accept it. The verification provides a full justification for accepting a belief and a refutation provides a justification to reject it. As long as we can prove or retort, the theoretical knowledge prevails and we are justified in accepting its results. But Kant thought he had shown that there are some things that cannot ever be prove or rejected. Then a question is arisen: is there any justification for believing than knowing? Kant said that once to the theoretical reason is given to what is up, the priority of practice asserts its interests. Where theoretical reason is concerned with what is, practical reason is concerned about what should be. The theoretical reason could not give us knowledge about subjects that go beyond the experience, therefore we should deny all its claims in this area and give these practical reason issues to the people. Kant says, â€Å"I must, therefore, abolish knowledge, to make room for belief† (Kant, 1998). Deny the knowledge and no reason, for practical reason is part of the reason, and because it limits the confidence in the minimum of required arguments, in Kants view, it is done to protect the morale -existence of God, freedom and immortality. Kant condemns the faith based on religious feelings. If we understand Kant upon his words, it will be said that he was defending the Enlightenment, the reason and the warning of disaster to come, if these will be abandoned in the name of feeling. Kant doesn’t deny the recognition, it is not a irrationalist. Kant raises a theory of knowledge, which wants to create a scientific metaphysic, rather than makes room to believe in God (religion); he tells us what we can know and what is beyond the scope of human knowledge. Kant had understood that his method would help religion. He writes that once one accept his theory, people will not disclose to unjustified conclusions on things that they cannot recognize and that religion would benefit from this, but I think he meant this as attempts to validate the idea that God exists or to prove that God does not exist. What Kant tells us is: we cannot ever know for sure that God and soul exist because we cannot have accurate knowledge of the noumenal existence. This is not an expression of irrationality, but quite the contrary, is an attempt to use rational thinking in order to distinguish it from what we know and what we simply believe. References Kant, I. (2002). Kritika e mendjes se kulluar. ( Ekrem Murtezai, Trans. ) Prishtine. (Original work published 1787) Kant, I. (1998). Critique of pure reason. (J. M. D Meiklejohn, Trans). Electronic texts collection. (Original work published 1787) Kant, I. (2002). Kritika e gjykimit. ( Dritan Thomollari, trans. ). Plejad. Bonardel, F. (2007). L’irrazionale. (Lucias della Pieta, Trans. ) Mimesis edizioni. Sgarbi, M. (2010). La logica dell’irrazionale. Studio sul significato e sui problemi della Kritik der Urteilskraft. Mimesis Edizioni(Milano-Udine)

Characters of the Crucible in Relation to Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Re

Lawrence Kohlberg, a developmental psychologist, identified six developmental stages of human moral reasoning. The first stage that he recognized was the Punishment-Obedience Orientation, where the person’s concern is for avoiding punishment through obedience. The second stage was the Instrumental Relativist Orientation, where the person’s concern is to work in their self interest, and better their position. The third stage of moral development was the Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation, where the person’s concern lies with their reputation. Next was the Law And Order Orientation, where the person was less concerned with their own immediate well being to the maintenance of a larger society. The fifth stage was the Social Contract Orientation, where the person’s concern was for social unity, and the last stage was the Universal Ethical Principle Orientation, where the person’s concern is only for moral principals. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller p ortrays all six stages through his characters. In the first stage rests Mary Warren. She is not a character with strong conviction, and in the course of the play, she changes sides to whichever will keep her safe from harm at the time. During the first act of the play, we come to understand that she had been one of the girls dancing in the forest with Abigail and Tituba. She saw that the girls were being cornered, and felt that they should confess before it got out of hand, but was silenced after being threatened by Mercy Lewis and Abigail Williams. When Elizabeth Proctor was arrested, John Proctor employed his power as her boss and as a stronger human to coerce her to go with him to the court and expose the girls as frauds. Because he’s stronger than she, she agrees. When they g... ...uld not alter his ways to please the public. By the end, however, not only did he not care about his reputation, but so intensely focused on higher ethics was he that he gave his life to maintain his sense of â€Å"goodness†. Elizabeth also starts out less moral than she ends, she is cold and unforgiving towards Proctor and though her circumstance may be deserving of pity, she does not elicit much sympathy from the audience because of her frost. However, by the end of the play, she sees her faults and repents, and also forgives Proctor, and she understands what others in the final act cannot, she understands why Proctor’s name means more to him than his life. All of the stages of moral development are presented in The Crucible, related to a character by their actions and motives. This is a way to categorize the characters without there being any overlap or gray areas.

Organizational Culture and Personal Values Essay

Job satisfaction and job performance are interrelated topics, which are derived from individual personal values, (Iaffaldano & Muchinsky, 1985). Organizations can use specific processes to shape employee values, which will reflect the desired work culture of the organization. The development of values will shape the culture of an organization and increase job satisfaction and job performance. Personal values deal with the end states of our existence or the ultimate goals that people wish to achieve in their lives, (Duvasula, Lyonski &Madhavi, 2011). These values act as guidelines in an employee’s job performance, job satisfaction and decision making processes. The development of personal values is rooted in experience. As employees navigate their careers their own personal values evolve as a result of the unique experiences differing career fields offer. Organizations can use these heuristic experiences to develop within their employees, their own set of values. The use of lea dership development programs enable organizations to shape their employee’s motivations and attitude to align with the values selected by the organization, (Dennis & Cynthia, 1998). By developing specific values within their employees the organization can tailor their individual working culture and customer experience. After completing the Work Personality Index, (Psychometrics Canada Ltd, 2011-2012), I found the development of my own personal values has been shaped by my experiences within my career field. The daily challenges, which are presented within my field of work, coupled with institutional leader development have aligned my personal values along with the organizational values of my employer. This values alignment has created a greater job performance and job satisfaction in me. Program development which guide employees in the development of their personal values to mirror organization values create a culture of adaptation a growth. This culture can provide a more satisfying work environment and customer experience.  Furthermore, personal values are ever changing within individuals. These adaptations are a result of heuristic experiences. Job satisfaction and job performance are directly related to individual personal values. Organizations can use this relationship to develop an organiza tional culture which promotes a specific set of values within their employees. Organizations who cultivate values will see an increase in employee satisfaction and loyalty. References: Dennis, T. J., & Cynthia, D. S. (1998). How to link personal values with team values. Training & Development, 52(3), 24-30. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/227005415?accountid=8289 Durvasula, S., Lysonski, S., & A.D. Madhavi. (2011). Beyond service attributes: Do personal values matter? The Journal of Services Marketing, 25(1), 33-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08876041111107041 Iaffaldano, M. T., & Muchinsky, P. M. (1985). Job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 97(2), 251-273. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.251 Psychometrics Canada Ltd, 2011-2012 Work Personality Index Retrieved from: http://www.testingroom.com/

Analysis on Pyramus and Thisbe Essay

â€Å"Leaving the person I love in danger and continuing to live on is the same as being dead.† -Hyuga, Natsume. Pyramus and Thisbe were a couple that preferred dying instead of living life without each other or considering that his or her beloved was in danger. Pyramus and Thisbe were deeply in love with each other, but could not be together for their parents had prohibited them from being with each other. The young lovers wanted to be together so badly and so they decided to run away together ignoring the demands of their parents. All bad choices are followed by consequences and that ´s what happened with these couple. As they were running away a horrible creature appeared to Thisbe making her run while her scarf fell. The creature crabbed the scarf and left it in the ground. As soon as Pyramus arrived to the place where they had to meet, he saw the scarf full of blood. He could not accept the tragedy and killed himself. While he committed suicide, Thisbe saw there was no more danger and decided to walk back to meet Pyramus. When she got there she saw Pyramus dead and grabbing on to her scarf. She could not accept what had happened and neither a life without him and so she killed herself. The myth of Pyramus and Thisbe is a tragic story but with important lessons. The tragedy of Pyramus and Thisbe would never have happened if they had taken good choices and if they had not supposed things they thought were true. Pyramus and Thisbe both decided to disobey their parents and ignore the consequences that would come after. They were so deeply in love with each other and thought the worse that could happened to them was that their parents would find them together. In that moment neither of them thought of the dangerous things that could happen to them or even about death. Both young lovers took a bad choice and as always their consequences were not far away. They both ran away from home and as a consequence Thisbe first encountered danger and then both had to do things that were against their own will. Both had to kill themselves because they could not imagine a life without each other. Life always has consequences for the choices and actions we take. If only they would have thought of the consequences of their actions, maybe they would have had a life together. The Bible says:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Children, Obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right. Honor your father and your mother-which is the first commandment with a promise- that it may go well with you and that you may enjoy long life on the earth.† The lord promises reward to those who obey their parents and that’s what we have to do every day of our lives. If we take good decisions then there is no doubt that our consequences will be of reward. The myth of Pyramus and Thisbe became a tragic story not only because of the consequences of their actions but also because they supposed things that were not true. When Pyramus saw Thisbe ´s scarf in the floor with blood he supposed she was dead when really she was not. Instead of looking for her and starting to ask for help, he thought of the worse things that could happen to her beloved. He ended up thinking that the horrible beast ate her and with that in his mind he took his life away. If only he had waited for her to come back and not suppose of something that was not true, it would not have ended in such a tragedy. If Pyramus had not killed himself then Thisbe would not have killed herself too and they would have lived happily ever after. It’s a lesson that we have to learn from, it is better for us not to suppose about something we think is true. It is better to ask so we don ´t imagine things like with think they are. In conclusion, Pyramus and Thisbe both received a tragic ending because of the bad decisions they took. We both had to die with the idea that it was their fault their beloved died. Even though it may seem so tragic, it has two important lesson from which we have to learn. We have to see their errors and make better decisions so we do not fall into the same tragedies. Learning from their mistakes we can be better people and even take better decisions that will not give us bad consequences but instead rewards. When we are not sure that we are making good decisions we can always ask others or use the bible to help us see what is wrong, right and what will bring us a joyful life here on earth.

5 Rules for Using Logic to Order Lists

5 Rules for Using Logic to Order Lists 5 Rules for Using Logic to Order Lists 5 Rules for Using Logic to Order Lists By Mark Nichol At least five factors dictate how items in an in-line list a series of items within a paragraph, as opposed to a vertical list are organized. (See an earlier post about in-line lists.) It’s all about the context: alphabetization, chronology, complexity, interrelationship, or sequence. (Guess which context I chose for the preceding sentence.) 1. â€Å"Our shop specializes in teak, ebony, and mahogany furniture.† The store may stock more teak than ebony and more ebony than mahogany, or the order may reflect relative prices, but the sentence does not explicitly or implicitly express either idea. In such ambiguous cases, alphabetical order is an appropriate default setting: â€Å"Our shop specializes in ebony, mahogany, and teak furniture.† 2. â€Å"The major US wars of the nineteenth century were the Mexican-American War, the Civil War, and the War of 1812.† The presentation of information in this sentence does not justify the order in which the list items are given. If it specifically referred to the relative cost in human lives or in dollars, for example, then the sequence would follow that theme, but in the absence of an obvious context, reference to historical events should be chronological: â€Å"The major US wars of the nineteenth century were the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, and the Civil War.† 3. â€Å"Among his favorite musical pastimes are drumming in a world music ensemble, yodeling, and playing the harpsichord.† Again, absent a contextual framework for a list, it’s best to impose order. In this case, the somewhat amorphous descriptions don’t readily admit an alphabetical scheme, so perhaps, for euphony, the items should be arranged from simplest to most complex in terms of syllabication: â€Å"Among his favorite musical pastimes are yodeling, playing the harpsichord, and drumming in a world music ensemble.† 4. â€Å"It is allowed in some countries, forbidden in a few, and tolerated in others.† This list describes three degrees of tolerance for a certain policy, so the items should be listed in an ascending or descending order: â€Å"It is allowed in some countries, tolerated in others, and forbidden in a few.† 5. â€Å"Take a look at the map, and you will see that Scandinavia consists of Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland, and Sweden.† Without the reference to the map, this sentence could be organized by any one of several schemes, including alphabetical order, geographical location, and relative size. But because speakers of English generally read left to right, and maps are usually oriented to the north, a west-to-east organizational scheme seems most appropriate: â€Å"Take a look at the map, and you will see that Scandinavia consists of Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland.† (OK, Denmark’s westernmost point is slightly to the east of Norway’s, but would you separate the twins Norway and Sweden?) These contexts are not always mutually exclusive: In a sentence like â€Å"The Olympic medals are gold, silver, and bronze,† the scheme could be described as one of interrelationship (gold is more valuable than silver, which is more valuable than bronze) or sequence (gold is for first place, silver for second place, and bronze for third place). But that’s not the point; the idea is to provide some framework any framework for a list so as not to distract the reader. Sometimes, a list’s lineup is determined more by tradition than anything else: â€Å"The original Three Stooges consisted of Moe, Larry, and Curly.† Moe was the leader of the group, but there’s no reason to mention Larry before Curly rather than the other way around except that it seems to trip off the tongue more easily that way. Sometimes, that’s as good a reason as any. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions50 Synonyms for "Assistant"Ebook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

Managing Conflict in Groups

Managing Conflict in Groups Here are 5 steps to solve the problem in a team. Read what conflicts are the most problematic and how to manage them. Interpersonal conflicts in organizational settings is a favorite topic for academic  study  and discussion, and for good reason: in any group, particularly in a work setting where the things people have in common on a  personal  level are likely somewhat limited, there will inevitably be conflict. And that is not exactly a bad thing; conflict can lead to innovation and new ideas, and the organization that runs too smoothly often finds itself becoming stagnant. Too many conflicts, however, can quickly lead to chaos and cause serious harm to the organization and its people if they are not managed properly. Problems Faced by Students at School Managing conflict – preventing it when possible, and resolving it productively when necessary – requires an understanding of the nature  of a conflict, the reasons which caused this conflict and the different forms it can take. The necessary prerequisite to being able to manage conflict is understanding the people involved; positions or demands aired in a dispute or argument among team members are manifestations of different interests – the fundamental needs and perspectives that lead people to take their particular points of view. Assessing the roles of people in groups can provide helpful insights. The type of conflict must also be correctly identified. Task or objective conflicts are conflicts about how to accomplish particular activities or goals. These kinds of conflicts can be seriously disruptive, but in general are easier to resolve than the second type of conflict, the relational conflicts, which are a clash of personalities. Conflicts between people on a personal level can be extremely difficult to manage  because they introduce a number of ethical hazards for the manager, who must be careful to very clearly relate solutions of a personal nature to job objectives, procedures, and requirements. How People React to Conflicts Every person will respond to a conflict with someone else in one of five basic ways: Avoidance Accommodation Competition Compromise Collaboration One thing that is misleading about much of the available literature on team dynamics and conflict management is that there is a common assumption that any person will have just one of these responses. That assumption makes it a bit easier to develop models of conflict resolution in academic research, but in the real world, people are inconsistent; the quiet technician who is quick to be accommodating to someone with a difference of opinion this time may come out swinging the next time a dispute arises. Much of an individual’s response to a conflict depends on the context, so the first objective of the manager/mediator in a dispute is to gather all the facts. Fortunately, the skills required to do this effectively – active listening and balanced communication – are the same ones that help defuse many conflicts before they even start. 5 Steps to Solve the Conflict in Your Team Step 1. As a manager thrusts into the role as a conflict mediator, you should start by asking two basic questions of everyone involved in the conflict: What is the disagreement about? How does this disagreement impact the objectives of the organization? Because it is a dispute, you will likely hear several different answers to both questions. That’s okay at this point, because the goals here are first, to gather the information you need to understand what is happening, and second, to compel the parties to the conflict to think through the problem themselves to clearly and accurately describe their positions. Step 2.  The next step is to gather everyone who has a stake in the outcome of the conflict. That may mean including some who have not spoken up (i.e., those practicing the avoidance strategy), and it may mean firmly telling some who have no real part in the dispute to go mind their own business. Once the people who are important to resolving the conflict are gathered together, clearly explain what successful  resolution of the conflict will be. Consensus, or common agreement among all concerned, is a good goal to aim for, but in reality a unanimous decision is probably unlikely; instead, a compromise representing the â€Å"highest common denominator† – a solution that meets as many of the group members’ interests as possible at the same time – is a more realistic objective. The important thing is to clarify what success will mean before the discussion begins; the team members will then have realistic expectations of the outcome and will be more inclin ed to reconsider and modify their individual positions as the conversation proceeds. Step 3. Once this is done, the next step – notice that the discussion of the actual problem has not even begun yet – is to agree on the way in which the discussion will be conducted. This might sound a bit silly, but it serves a very good purpose and saves time in the long run. It is a natural reaction of people when given the opportunity to take part in designing a process, even one as simple as the conduct of a group discussion, to strive for the process to have a successful or expected outcome. Step 4. In whatever manner the group decides to approach the rest of the discussion, the next stage is to define the problem. This is one part of conflict resolution where unanimity is necessary; quite often, teams will discover that they do not all have the same understanding of the issue they disagree on due to miscommunication or misinterpreted information. Simply clarifying the problem can ease tensions, and may even be a solution in itself; if not, at least it returns the team to a state of â€Å"working together† by providing a common focus. Step 5. The final and most time-consuming phase of the conflict resolution process is gathering and assessing possible solutions. Everyone with a position in the dispute obviously has a solution in mind; otherwise, there would be no conflict. Each of these potential solutions needs to be assessed by the group to answer three basic questions: Which solution is the most advantageous to the organization? Which solution is the most advantageous to the individuals concerned? Which parts of those two solutions (if they are not already the same) are common? The Art of Effective Problem Solving In general, with a perhaps a few minor changes here and there, the best solution to the problem causing the group conflict will be the set of common parts between the organization- and individual-favoring solutions the group is able to develop. Good references on conflict management and resolution: M.A. Rahim, Managing Conflict in Organizations (3rd ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Quorum Books, 2001. H. Fogler and S. LeBlanc, Strategies for Creative Problem Solving (2nd ed.).   Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2008

Causes behind the Arab Spring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Causes behind the Arab Spring - Essay Example In fact, nations like Iraq, Syria, and Iran were obstacles in the path of establishing a greater Israel which could control the whole Middle East. Thus, the best way to do so was to topple the ruling regime by working from within. In order to do so, it was necessary to create conflict between the various religious and ethnic groups by entering the nation in the name of protecting the minorities. A perfect example is Tunisia, which was once considered the best Economy in Africa. However, as Tunisian leader Ben Ali was in close contact with the West and NATO, it was easy for the West to manipulate the internal affairs. As Lalmi reports, soon, the corruption of Ben Ali was leaked through Wikileaks, and mass demonstrations hit the streets in no time. Soon, Ben Ali fled to Saudi Arabia. Very similar was the case of Egypt and Hosni Mubarak. Evidently, he was a man who was hated by most Arabs for his support of the West. Also, there were many more reasons ranging from his privatization of natural resources to foreign investors, supporting the attack on Iraq, and opposition to Hezbollah’s and Hamas’ armed fight against Israel. In order to promote uprisings, as Nixon reported in New York Times, various American groups including International Republican Institute, National Democratic Institute and Freedom House, and National Endowment for Democracy and Project on Middle East Democracy provided technical training in the use of social networking and mobile technology. In fact, the situation was very similar in Libya where Gaddafi was foolish enough to try to establish an African Union which would jeopardize the re-colonization plan and to develop a new currency to rival the American Dollar and the European Euro.