Marcus Brutus as the Protagonist of William Shakespeares Julius Caesar

Marcus Brutus as the Protagonist of William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar   â All men have the ability to reason.â Some men can reason superior to other people, in any case, all men can reason.â In request to reason, one should clear his brain, be totally fair-minded, and comprehend the circumstance to the best of his ability.â The play Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare, is the account of a man attempting his best to make sensible, sound decisions.â Marcus Brutus is this battling character who sidesteps steady weight from all sides to superbly get through, yet kicks the bucket at play's end.â Undoubtedly, Brutus is the principle character, and main thrust of the play, in spite of the deceptive title of Julius Caesar.â â â Three discrete, basic perspectives help to show the peruser how irrelevant Julius Caesar is to the play.â Caesar shows up, in dreams, and contemplations of various individuals, giving alerts and unique messages.â Nobody appears to focus on him. Anotherexample is shown by the way that Brutus appears to rule his own activities, whatever he is thinking.â Also, Antony announces war on Brutus, however not out of affection for Caesar, however outrage toward the conspirators.â As these perspectives are clarified in further detail one will make certain of the way that Brutus, without question, obviously rules the play in general.  Caesar cautions various individuals of resulting disasters on different occasions, and not once is he listened to.â Calpurnia shouts out frightened multiple times during the night, Help ho - they murder Caesar!â The peruser before long learns of a fantasy wherein Caesar's better half pictures her significant other's death.â She asks and argues Caesar to remain at home that day, ... ...ad.â In each part of the play prior referenced, Brutus is the main impetus of about everything that occurs.â Caesar is nevertheless an after-thought of the peruser, and is acknowledged as the impelling activity, and nothing more.â Brutus is, definitely, the commanding power in the play.  He who won't reason is a narrow minded person; he who can't is a nitwit; and he who dares not, is a slave. - Sir William Drummanâ  Works Cited and Consulted: Tracker, G.K. Shakespeare and the Traditions of Tragedy. Wells, Stanley, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. Houghton Mifflin Company. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston, 1974. Palmer, D. J. Awful Error in Julius Caesar. Shakespeare Quarterly. 21-22 (1970): 399.

Religion - Mysticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion - Mysticism - Essay Example Understanding the connection among human and their religions is an imperative part of understanding otherworldliness since it help comprehend the individual and the confidence among other fundamental highlights of supernatural quality. Such a slippery presentation presents the relativity part of supernatural quality, which further presents researchers with more difficulties. Otherworldly convictions shift in individuals. Christians trust in the presence of God close by the various precepts of their houses of worship, Muslims have comparable structures as are agnostics among numerous different religions all through the world. Every one of the various convictions has an unmistakable definition and use of supernatural quality in their endeavor to build up a relationship with their religions. The relativity of religions presents an idea of relativity in the investigation of enchantment also. This muddles and may reduce the investigation of magic as a rule. So as to comprehend enchantment in a confidence, a researcher must get acquainted with the confidence and comprehend the relationship an individual creates with their heavenly creatures. The need to comprehend the customary acts of people so as to comprehend the overall idea of supernatural quality makes the examination progressively frenzied to researchers. Customs are social parts of human life that aides clarifies the convictions of a person. Culture alludes to non-hereditary highlights of an individual the vast majority of which the people acquire from the general public. Faith in a powerful being is an imperative part of culture that comprehends the supernatural quality. Various social orders have their particular kinds of change and convictions. Most conventional social orders trusted in the job of hereditary spirits in the transformational procedure. Such social orders accepted that the progenitors were mediators among them and the powerful creatures. The presentation of Christianity and Islam among other contemporary religions

Comparative Analysis of Cultural Ideologies in Norway and the United St

Relative Analysis of Cultural Ideologies in Norway and the United States The expectation of this paper is to analyze individualistic and communitarian social belief systems inside two particularly unique worlds of politics. The principal challenge in looking at two countries is choosing which approach is generally proper. There are a few methodologies in political theory that have demonstrated most gainful when making examinations. This investigation will utilize a similar government way to deal with analyze the political organizations, procedures, constitutions, and elements of government inside every one of the two nations chose. The nations that have been decided for this investigation are United States and Norway, individually. Gregory Scott accepts that the crucial parts of human connection in the public arena are the requirement for network (solidarity) and the requirement for singularity. The contention is that the whole history of governmental issues is to a great extent the tale of how networks and countries settled the inalienable clash between the widespread requirements for network and singularity. With that, the theme that this paper will in general location has developed, inside the investigation of legislative issues in this class and others, as the absolute generally unique in scope and in suggestion. Opportunity, balance, and equity join to fabricate a significant contention for the individualistic belief system. Authority, request, and vote based system are for the most part constructing obstructs for the contention of the communitarian. Scott takes note of that a lot of what propels independent is a powerful urge for opportunity. This creator likewise contends that we are on the whole associa ted and authority is advocated by the need to carry request to social orders contending qualities and musings. In contemplating the historical backdrop of mankind, the battleground that has been shaped between the requirement for singularity and solidarity is evident. A person’s perspective on the idea of mankind is basic to their perspective on government, and its degree. On the off chance that individuals are viewed as risky, at that point an administration to shield individuals from that peril is generally fitting. On the off chance that individuals are seen as fit for satisfying their own imaginative potential, you may need an administration that secures singular freedoms (Scott, 47). These are for the most part instances of guiding principle for the whole establishment of government and of legislative issues. This contention, for the utilization and extent of government, is partitioned into various contentions that address essential issues o... ...hild advantage conspire, and the expansion of expenses in power and warming oil utilization. Network Statistics v Official Name: The Kingdom of Norway v Population: 4,504,000 as of Jan. 2001 v System of Government: Constitutional Monarchy v Geographical Area: 385,155 sq. km. v Monetary Unit: Norwegian kroner, NOK v Coastline Length: 21,192 km. v Economic Indicators: Inflation rate (2000) 3.1%; Gross Domestic Product (1999) 1,192,826 million NOK; Gross Domestic Product per capital (1999) 267,328 US of America As indicated by political specialists, the United States is thought of and â€Å"individualistic† society. A general public that is very skilled in working all alone, and not so much depending on others to train them in discovering the very fundamentals of having a practical, free, method of living. To completely comprehend the profundities of the United States’ distinction, a few thoughts must be clarified. Initial, one must comprehend the job of government in the United States. Also, there must be a comprehension of the development of the United States as a general public, and the arrangement of its political structure and philosophies. Next, an

Russian Literature. Mikhail Bulgakov The Master and Margarita Essay

Russian Literature. Mikhail Bulgakov The Master and Margarita - Essay Example The paper â€Å"Manuscripts don’t burn† features the artful culmination of perhaps the best author in Russia. The tale â€Å"The Master and Margarita† by Mikhail Bulgakov is viewed as one of the most cryptic and curious scholarly perfect works of art of Russian, yet additionally World Literature. Bulgakov's work contains bunches of articulations that accordingly become truisms. Mikhail Bulgakov, intentionally, put this sacrosanct expression, Compositions don't burn†, into the mouth of the villain. Woland was the principal who saw the discussion between the two journalists that fulfilled the guidelines of supposed â€Å"true Soviet writer†. They were uninformed and shallow-disapproved of individuals, attempting to pass judgment on the things without getting them. Bunches of Soviet scholars, whose artistic legacy opened up simply after the alteration or the USSR breakdown, didn't set out to keep their artful culminations in composed, in this way, they attempted to retain each section, each line, each word cautiously. Any essayist ought to be free in communicating their perspectives and conclusions. It was difficult to compose inventively under the states of the authoritarian system, when each word, each musing was exposed to the fastidious survey of the Soviet scholarly pundits. Bulgakov knew the sentiment of agony as a result of your artistic works being bound to nonrecognition and disregard. The Master is the author’s pantomime. Master’s most awful bad dreams are Bulgakov’s bad dreams; Master’s ability is Bulgakov’s ability. Not too bad work will locate its nice peruser, for â€Å"Manuscripts don’t burn†.

We Saw a Sea Turtle

We Saw a Sea Turtle This summer, we saw (and observed for two hours!) a real live SEA TURTLE!!!! AHHHHHH The summer before our freshman year, we were walking with our mom near the shore at night. We saw a dark moving spot in the distance, and as we approach, we realized it was a sea turtle! Because we weren’t expecting it, and got spooked, we all irrationally ran away. a sloppy sketch the night we ran away from a sea turtle (aahhh more than 2 years ago!) This summer, one of our goals was to find another sea turtle on the shore and NOT run away. So, almost every night with our mom, we’d walk along the beach for a stroll, hoping to find one. We did this for more than 2 months to no avail… One of the nights we wrote a poem with our mom in Russian (followed by the transliteration and translation). ????? ? ????? ???????, ? ????? ? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????????, ? ? ??? ????????? ????????! ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????! ?????? ????? ??????, ? ?? ????????? ???? Pesok k nogam kleitsya, i veter s okeana veyetsa, molniya nebo obvernulo, I k nam navstrechu potyanulo! Mi shli medlenno ne toroplivo, Vokrug bylo ochen krasivo! Oblaka nizko viseli, i my tikhonechko peli Sand is sticking to our feet, and from the ocean the wind waves, Lightning wrapped around the sky, and we were urged to meet someone! We walked slowly not hastily, Around us was very beautiful! The clouds were very low, and we sang quietly And then on July 27th: Even before we got on the sand, our mom, with her farsighted vision, noticed a dark spot on the sand. And as we approached, there it was! A! REAL! LIVE! NO JOKE! FREAKING! SEA TURTLE!!!! We knew that we had to be very quiet, not be disruptive and not use any flashes, because we read things in preparation. So, we all sat down on the sand, fairly far from her, whispering in excitement!         She first used her fins to push away the sand to create a nest. Then she moved forward and started laying her eggs. It was around an hour or so of her mainly staying in place, but still moving a little. Every now and then we would see her shell lift up and down. During this time, we tried to walk around (still maintaining our distance) to get a better sense of her size and maybe see the patterns on her shell. We could tell she was actually much larger than we initially thought, but we couldnt make out any patterns on her shell because it was covered in a lot of sand. Then there was around a 20 minute period where she just totally stopped moving. We figured she was done laying her eggs and decided to rest up a bit before making what we’re imagine to be a difficult journey back home to the sea. Then, all of sudden, we noticed she started kicking her back flippers. We soon realized she was burying her nest. After around 15 minutes of that, she moved forward a bit and we saw the small cavity she made in the sand to drop her eggs was totally covered. For the next 20 minutes, we patiently waited as she made a complete 180 degree turn to face the shore. And as soon as she did, she began to very quickly shuffle her way back to the ocean. It took her probably less than five minutes, and as suddenly as she came into view when we first stepped on the beach was as suddenly as she disappeared into the dark sea. It was truly magical. What remained were the two paths she left to go from shore to the spot she choose to make her nest and vice-versa, and a roughly circularly shaped shallow dent in the sand that marked her nest. Here is a video of the event! We tried our best to edit the brightness in post, but its still pretty hard to see because we couldnt use flash to record. a painting made the day after a picture taken of the nest the day after Post Tagged #Sea Turtle

The TakeAway Wk of 6/28

HomeCurated ArticlesThe TakeAway Wk of 6/28This page may contain affiliate links.Jul 6, 2015Here’s a summary of important articles  from the past week  that may give you more insight into the world of college life, admissions, financing, and parenting.   ACT Announces Changes To Information Reported To Colleges The  R2C  Takeaway:  The ACT recently announced changes to the type of information it will report to colleges. In addition to a students score results, the ACT will be slicing and dicing overall test scores and sub scores to calculate chances of success scores that will be shared with colleges but NOT with students. This doesnt seem fair or ethical to us. Let us know what you think on our Facebook page. 10 Life Skills Every Teen Should Master Before Going To College   The  R2C  Takeaway:  Ã‚  Important life skills this mother wants to make sure her daughter has before finishing high school and going off to college.  Does your child have these skills? Any other skills you think should be added to the list? What Do You Mean Youre Going On A Trip Without An Adult?   The R2C Takeaway: There are definitely two ways to approach your teen going on a trip sans adults, and that has a lot to do with whether or not your child has already lived on their own at college. And, even if the latter is the case, there are still things like financial responsibility, emergency procedures, alcohol consumption,   and trip details that need to be discussed before the tip begins.    100% Is Overrated The  R2C  Takeaway:  A movement in education and parenting that advocates doing away with the S word (smart) is gaining steam. It seems that telling a child her or she is smart rather than telling them theyve done a great job sets unrealistic expectations and prevents them from being able to handle disappointment if and when they are up against a challenging situation in which they make mistakes. Employing a growth mindset rather than a fixed mindset makes for a much healthier child.    3 Summer Fixes For Bad High School Grades The  R2C  Takeaway:  A students poor showing at the end of the school year is disappointing, but it doesnt have to ruin the entire summer. Parents (and students) need to be proactive and make sure they find ways to get back on track ASAP so that the new school year is not a repeat of the last. Communication and finding the root of the problem(s) is key, as often, academics is only one part of the problem; there may be psychological issues as well.    Education Department to Miss Obama Deadlines on Helping Student Borrowers The  R2C  Takeaway:  A deadline that was set in a March presidential memorandum on the implementation of a student aid bill of rights, was missed by the Department of Education. That deadline, July 1,  on three key directives from President Barack Obama involved setting higher standards for debt collectors and clarifying borrowers rights when they attempt to discharge federal student loans in bankruptcy. The Department has long been under criticism and its director was not very forthcoming with information regarding the deadline, but said that results of their work would be coming shortly.    College Admissions: Prepare Your Audition Materials This Summer The  R2C  Takeaway:   Students who have an audition component on top of their applications and essays should take the opportunity the summer affords them to prepare their pieces and material. Setting aside time to rehearse and record, if necessary, anything that is required will help take off some of the pressure of the coming school year.          Road2College Road2College is dedicated to providing families with trustworthy information about college admissions and paying for college. We recognize the two processes are intertwined and our goal is to educate families on all aspects of admissions and funding so they can make smarter college financial decisions. View all posts CATEGORIES Curated Articles TAGS ACT Student Score ReportNEWER POSTThe Takeaway Wk of 7/19OLDER POSTThe TakeAway Wk of 5/25

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1110 Words

â€Å"It’s time to play Family Feud! Let’s meet our two families. Today we have the Montagues playing against the Capulets in a long-standing feud between the families.† Romeo and Juliet is perhaps the most famous love story of all time. William Shakespeare entrances readers into believing that love at first sight can and does happen. With tragic deaths of both Romeo and Juliet, along with those of Tybalt, Mercutio, Paris, and Lady Montague, Shakespeare leads readers to believe that the cataclysmic events are the fault of fate or circumstance. This argument is convincing and widely accepted, but the warring families are most responsible for the unfortunate deaths. One simply needs to read the prologue to know what happens throughout the duration of the play: both the Montague and Capulet families are at fault. â€Å"In our first face-off, give me Abram, and give me Sampson, the servants of both households. Now folks, top six answers are on the board. Besides the fact that they have been feuding for years, name one reason why the families are fighting.† One recurring theme in Romeo and Juliet is that of impulsivity. Throughout the play, members of the family are hostile towards each other without knowing the exact reason they are supposed to hate each other. In the very first scene in Act 1, the servants of each of the households insult each other to the point of a duel. A similar thing happens a couple other times in the play. In each of these instances, the characters hastily decidedShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didn’t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an ItalianRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words   |  8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words   |  7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. When it comes to many of Shakespeare s plays, Aristotle s theory is used to describe them as tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is known by many as a tragedyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare oc cupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows the so-called love of two teenagers. The two fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesour lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; two forbidden lovers meet

House on Mango Street Essay - 989 Words

Chloe Stromberg Mrs. Reedng English Foundations II May 27th, 2013 The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros is a coming of age novel of a young Mexican-American girl developing in a working class Chicago neighborhood. The author is much like the main character Esperanza in many different ways. One being that Cisneros was also a Mexican-American girl growing up in a Chicago working class neighborhood. Esperanza is a foil of Cisneros’ beliefs and opinions of her Mexican culture and heritage. While Esperanza is embarrassed of being a Mexican-American around white Americans, Cisneros is proud to be a Mexican-American girl. In Sara Rimer’s article, â€Å"San Antonio Journal; Novelist’s Purple†¦show more content†¦In Frida Kahlo’s painting My Grandparents, My Parents and Me, Kahlo shows what it is like for a family in the Mexican culture. Kahlo’s painting conveys the preconceived notions of being conscious of your roles in the family, for instance, the painting d isplays that the woman is supposed to marry, have a child, raise the child and have the family of her own. It also displays the family lineage and what a woman or man aspires to be in life. Currently Sandra Cisneros resides in San Antonio in a purple house and she describes herself as â€Å"nobody’s mother† and â€Å"nobody’s wife.† Both Frida Kahlo’s and Cynthia Y. Hernandez’s works convey the idea of having one’s culture limit one’s freedom and individuality. Cisneros and Esperanza are both victims of this idea and realize that the only way to live one’s life freely is to defy the roles and limitations created by one’s culture. Works Cited Cisneros, Sandra. House on Mango Street. San Diego, CA: Jane Schaffer Publications, 1997. Print. Mexican Machista. Family Friend Poems. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2013. My Grandparents, My Parents and Me. My Grandparents My Parents, Mis Abuelos Mis Padres, Frida Kahlo, C0160. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 MayShow MoreRelated House on Mango Street Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesHouse on Mango Street The story; themes; and implications for teaching from the House on Mango Street come from showing how today’s society has low expectations for those in the inner city. This book can be used to show what inner life is like and how these people are looked at and treated by others in society. Using this book in the classroom can be beneficial because many people have negative preconceptions of what life is really like as a minority. I know that I think of inner cityRead More House on Mango Street Essay833 Words   |  4 Pages Esperanza is torn between deciding whether she wants to escape Mango Street. She is embarrassed by the superficial appearance of her identity, but appreciates her roots. Her house is a wreck and the neighborhood, probably not much better off. However, she has loving family and friends. Although marriage has caused the suffering of many of the women in her neighborhood, she realizes that she needs men to fulfill the new desires she attains as she hits adolescence. Through the novel, Esperanza maturesRead More The House on Mango Street Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesdreams of the perfect home, with beautiful flowers and a room for everyone. When she moves to the house of Mango Street, reality is so different than the dream. In this story, hope (Esperanza) sustains tragedy. The house she dreamed of was another on. It was one of her own. One where she did not have to share a bedroom with everyone. That included her mother, father and two siblings. The run down tiny house has bricks crumbling in places. The one she dreamed of had a great big yard, trees and grassRead More The House On Mango Street Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Traditionally, the ideal American family subsists of a working father, a housewife, two or more children, and a pet. The son is in little league or is the captain of the team, the daughter is a beauty queen and the pet is a golden retriever. The house is usually located in a suburb or small town, and has a two car garage. They are generally on good terms with their neighbors. Often the family as a whole encompasses â€Å"wholesome American ideals† such as supporting the Republican party, supporting militaryRead More House on Mango Street Essay2172 Words   |  9 PagesHouse on Mango Street I never had a choice. They decided it all for me and the next thing you know, we were moved. One night, I come home and my father gives me a big smile and says, we’re out of here. I give him a puzzled look, but after staring into his grinning face, I realize what he means. After thirty nine hard years, he has finally found the home he has always wanted. Since my father was young, he had always dreamed of the house he would one day reside. He would say to his motherRead MoreThe House on Mango Street Persuasive Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesName The House on Mango Street Persuasive Essay Esperanza’s New Home I would like to nominate Esperanza Codero and her family for the Extreme Makeover: Home Edition. Esperanza is a young Latino girl who is around the age of thirteen; Esperanza lives in a place called Mango Street, which is a very poor neighborhood, with her family in a nearly broken down house in which everybody has to share a room. I believe Esperanza deserves to be nominated because she has been through a great deal inRead MoreThe House On Mango Street Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesChicago where everyone knows everyone and people are afraid to go near this neighborhood because, people thought they would get jumped or hurt. This neighborhood is known as Mango Street, and there is a young girl named Esperanza(Sandra Cisneros) that lives in a old broken down home. This is her story in The House on Mango Street, Esperanza is a young Latina writer, inventing for herself who and what she will become . Esperanza did not have many friends, was shy, and very sensitive but her love to writeR ead MoreHouse on Mango Street essay1079 Words   |  5 PagesGrowing Up in Poverty In the novel, The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, a young confused girl has trouble finding herself as she grows up in the Latino section of Chicago. Esperanza and her family move to a small, crumbling red house in a poor urban neighborhood. Determined, she decides that someday she will leave and move somewhere else and totally forget everything about Mango Street. Throughout the novel, Esperanza significantly matures sexually and emotionally. The many stories ofRead MoreThe House On Mango Street Essay932 Words   |  4 Pages The Latina women in the male-dominated society of The House on Mango Street cannot envision their own autonomy because they are taught to need a man to fulfill their life which allows these women to be easily manipulated. A womans lack of power in a male-dominated society allows men to manipulate women physically and sexually because their society believes in powerful men and powerless women. Alicia, a women in The House on Mango Street, wants to s tudy and go to school, but cannot because herRead MoreEssay on House On Mango Street1074 Words   |  5 Pages Women’s Escape into Misery Women’s need for male support and their husband’s constant degradation of them was a recurring theme in the book House on Mango Street. Many of Esperanza’s stories were about women’s dreams of marrying, the perfect husband and having the perfect family and home. Sally, Rafaela, and Minerva are women who gave me the impression of [damsel’s in distress].CLICHamp;Eacute;, it’s ok though. It’s relevant They wished for a man to sweep them of their feet and rescue them from

Conditional Forms and Sentences in English

Conditional forms are used to imagine events in certain conditions. The conditional can be used to speak about real events that always happen (first conditional), imaginary events (second conditional), or imagined past events (third conditional). Conditional sentences are also known as if sentences. Here are some examples: If we finish early, we will go out for lunch. - First conditional - possible situationIf we had time, we would visit our friends. - Second conditional - imaginary situationIf we had gone to New York, we would have visited the exhibit. - Third conditional - past imagined situation English learners should study conditional forms to speak about past, present and future situations that depend on other events happening. There are four forms of the conditional in English. Students should study each of the forms to understand how to use conditionals to speak about: Something that is always true if something happens - conditional zeroSomething that will be true in the future if something happens - conditional one or real conditionalSomething that would be true if something happened in the present - conditional two or unreal conditionalSomething that would have been true in the past if something had happened - conditional three or unreal conditional At times it might be difficult to make the choice between the first and second (real or unreal) conditional form. You can study this guide to the first or second conditional for more information on making the proper choice between these two forms. Once you have studied conditional structures, practice your understanding of the conditional forms by taking the conditional forms quiz. Teachers can also use the printable conditional forms quiz in-class. Listed below are examples, uses and formation of Conditionals followed by a quiz. Conditional 0 These situations are always true if something happens. Note: This use is similar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using when (example: When I am late, my father takes me to school.) If I am late, my father takes me to school.She doesnt worry if Jack stays out after school. Conditional 0 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma the present simple in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If he comes to town, we have dinner. or: We have dinner if he comes to town. Conditional 1 Often called the real conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met. Note: In the conditional 1 we often use unless which means if ... not. In other words, ...unless he hurries up. could also be written, ...if he doesnt hurry up.. If it rains, we will stay at home.He will arrive late unless he hurries up.Peter will buy a new car, if he gets his raise. Conditional 1 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma will verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If he finishes on time, we will go to the movies. or: We will go to the movies if he finishes on time. Conditional 2 Often called the unreal conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable - situations. The conditional 2 provides an imaginary result for a given situation. Note: The verb to be, when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as were. If he studied more, he would pass the exam.I would lower taxes if I were the President.They would buy a new house if they had more money. Conditional 2 is formed by the use of the past simple in the if clause followed by a comma would verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If they had more money, they would buy a new house. or: They would buy a new house if they had more money. Conditional 3 Often referred to as the past conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation. If he had known that, he would have decided differently.Jane would have found a new job if she had stayed in Boston. Conditional 3 is formed by the use of the past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma would have past participle in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If Alice had won the competition, life would have changed or: Life would have changed if Alice had won the competition.

The Human Experience Education, Community, Religion, And...

â€Å"Who am I?† is a broad question that will change over the course of my lifetime. Currently I define myself as a white Catholic woman who is religious and independent. I am also a college student studying to become a social studies teacher. I am in a relationship, but still open to religious life. My relationship defines a part of who I am and who I want to become. This definition of who I am will not be the same in years to come, but this is who I am currently. My view of the human experience will also change over time, but right now there are four pillars of the human experience: education, community, religion, and nature. These pillars are things I believe everyone experiences in their life. The readings I have done in this class has helped me define the human experience and develop who I am. â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave,† â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† â€Å"Ingroup and Outgroup,† â€Å"Human Nature,† and â€Å"Religious Diversityâ⠂¬  are the five readings that have had the most impact on the meaning of the human experience and who I am. One of the most powerful excerpts I read from The Self and Education section was â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† by Plato. This excerpt defines the process every human being goes through when they become educated. The process is not easy or fun at times, but in the end it is worth it. Plato uses an allegory of people in a cave to explain how a person becomes educated. He starts off describing people chained in a dark cave, prisoners, in front of them they seeShow MoreRelatedGeorge Rousseau And John Locke1502 Words   |  7 Pagesas a body of principles or standards, derived from religion, philosophy or culture. 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Complete the following tables to compare several organizations and their guidelines about their responsibilities to their clients, their responsibilities toRead MoreReligion and Education1162 Words   |  5 PagesReligion and Education Since the beginning of mankind, every civilization shows evidence of some sort of the religion and education institutions. These institutions are essential to organized human society. From teaching your grandson to assemble a tomahawk to worshipping the Greek god of war, people show religion and education in many different ways. What does it mean to be religious? It means almost everything because religions deal with the whole of human life and death. For centuriesRead MoreEssay about Religion and Education1162 Words   |  5 Pages Religion and Education nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since the beginning of mankind, every civilization shows evidence of some sort of the religion and education institutions. These institutions are essential to organized human society. From teaching your grandson to assemble a tomahawk to worshipping the Greek god of war, people show religion and education in many different ways. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What does it mean to be religious? It means almost everything because religions deal withRead MoreCultural Relativity: the Root Cause of Conflict in Nigeria1428 Words   |  6 PagesNigeria is a multicultural nation with over 250 ethnic groups. Human beings are product of culture. Culture has made people what they are. Culture is the totality of experience of people in a given environment. Culture is complex whole of the people- this complex whole includes the beliefs, habits, modes and attitude of people. Culture is the result of interaction of people in a particular environment and the interpretation of their experiences. This is epitomized in the classical ethnic groups in NigeriaRead MoreReligious Rituals : Prayer Meetings And Confessions905 Words   |  4 PagesReligious Rituals There are many religions that are practice around the world such as Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism just to name a few and they all have similar traditions, beliefs and rituals based on revelation from a supreme being, depending on the people and culture that practice and follow those religions on a daily basis. In western cultures which predominately practices Christian religion, churches, prayers, bible studies and baptism as an infant or an adult are someRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Alienation Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesup with the constant change leading to the breakdown of social bonds between individuals and communities. This break of social bonds creates anomie for the individual or society which leads to fatalistic suicide, especially when a person is rule governed. 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You, not the state, not even your religious community have to make decisions between what is right or wrong. What you decide will have a social repercussion because you are not alone, but you wi ll have to decide on your own what you wish to represent. Nobody but yourself are responsible for your actions. Human associations initiated by fear (the possibility of everything and anything) together with our instinctive desire forRead MoreRole of Youth in Peace1678 Words   |  7 Pagesinter-religious conflict, give your life to protect (non-violently) those in danger on either side 18. avoid occasions that may give rise to communal quarrels 19. do not take part in processions that would wound the religious sensibilities of any community [Gandhi, M.K. â€Å"Some Rules of Satyagraha† Young India (Navajivan) 23 February 1930 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 48, p. 340) (found directly on Wikipedia, Satyagraha)] Note in particular point number 9: â€Å"if anyone attempts to insult

Milton Paradise Lost Commentary Free Essays

The Renaissance era represents a complete break with the Middle Ages on a political, philosophical, scientifical and theological scale. Indeed, the discovery of new territories and the expeditions of explorers such as Francis Drake, the resurgence of classic writtings, the new scientific outbreaks of Copernicus, Newton and Galilei as well as the Protestant reformation led by Luther and his 95 Theses, triggered a will for knowledge and a quest for truth, thus putting an end to the intellectual hegemony of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe. Intellectuals of this era began to think on mankind, looking for answers outside of the Religious constraints. We will write a custom essay sample on Milton Paradise Lost Commentary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Written during this context of political and religious upheaval, Paradise Lost, an epic poem published in 1667 in ten books, reflects in a way the great changes of the Renaissance. This poem, written by John Milton (December 1608 – November 1674), an English poet, polemicist and civil servant, tell the Christian story of the creation of the Earth, the fall of Satan and the Fall of Man. As a puritan, Milton, who had already attacked the Church for its corruption in Lycidas (1637), give this classical Christian tale puritan traits (such as the protrayal of Eve as a dedicated worker). The passage under study is taken from Book 9 of Paradise lost. In this book, the narrator focuses on the disobedience of Adam and Eve. Satan returns to the Garden of Eden eight days after his banishment by Gabriel to avenge himself. Adam and Eve , preparing for their labors, decide to work separatly , even if Adam is anxious that eve would be an easy prey to Satan’s temptation . In this passage we can see the approach of the Satan , (the snake) and the begining of his temptation that will lead Eve to eat the prohibited fruit. We can clearly see that Milton here uses a mix of Classical and Judeo-christian mythology to tell this tale. We can thus wonder In which way he uses these influences, and why he uses them ? In a first part we will see that the Serpent is a symbol of temptation, and in a second part we wll analyse Milton’s uses of Classical mythology. First, Milton depicts the snake which Satan is possessing, as an incredibly beautiful animal. The main strategy of Satan to try to corrupt the naive mind of Eve is to appear as a magnificent snake. According to the narrator, his physical appearance is so pleasing that never a snake will be as beautiful (on verse 504 â€Å"pleasing was his shape, and lovely, never since a serpent lovelier†). To describe the snake, the narrator use the lexical field of precious material: â€Å"carbuncle his eyes† on verse 500, â€Å"neck of verdent gold† on verse 501. Here Satan seems to have chosen a snake whose appearance can attract Eve only because his similitude with precious material. In a kind of materialist temptation, he tries to appeal to Eve inner sin of cupidity to seduce her. But there is something paradoxical in the way the snake is depicted as a beautiful creature. Indeed, the snake is often assimilated with death, the venom of some species of snakes such as the cobra can kill a man in less than one hour. It also an animal that generate instinctive fear in most human (and occurence of Ophidiophobia can be found everywhere). Here death and beauty become assimilated in one animal. It can thus be perceived as personification of the treachery of satan: behind the beaty of his rethoric, of his discourse hides a terrible fates, the banishment of Man from Heaven. This can also underline the interest of humans for macabre, dark topics. We can see since the dawn of age exemples of this morbid attraction of the Human race: public executions had always (and still do) gathered a lot of people around the death of a single man as well as we can see every day the impact (and also its capacity of generating profits) of a news involving the mysterious death of a movie star, of the murder of a whole family by its patriarch. As we know, Satan has chosen this animal, maybe he relies on this fascination to attract eve attention. We can also notice that the serpent can be interpreted as a phallic symbol. On verse 498 to 502 the snake is described as a â€Å"circular base that towered folds above folds a surprising maze [†¦ ] with burnished neck [†¦ ] erect amidst his circling spires†. Thus the snake appears as a symbol of virility, a phallic form erecting from the ground and can be understood as another strategy of Satan to cajole Eve into trusting him. On the other hand this links made by Milton between sensuality and religion can be seen as a hint of the influence of the metaphysical poetry on his writting: this link beeing one of the interest of the metaphysical poets who were contemporary with Milton. Then the snake can be analysed as a symbol of corruption and of perfidy. Satan uses a disguise, a snake to talk to eve. He uses his beauty, his eloquence to seduce her. His wave movements, looking like a dance, and his attitude (â€Å"Fawning, and licking the ground whereon she strod† on verse 526) can be interpreted as a nuptial parade with the snake laying on the primal instinct (which are restricted by religion) of Man to attract Eve in his trap. It is also interesting to note that the occurence of the word Satan is, as Satan himself, disguised in this passage. Here Satan is refered to as â€Å"the snake† or â€Å"the enemy of mankind† on verse 494. The word Satan can only be seen if the reader looks closely at the poem: an acrostic is hidden from verse 510 to 515. This clever technic reflects the vicious strategy of the Devil in the passage. Satan’s main strategy to talk Eve into beliving that she has the right to eat the apple is flattery. The Devil choose to tempt Eve because he was afraid of Adam’s intelligence which could have be an obstacle to his scheme. Thus he constantly celebrate eve beauty and superiority of others God’s creature to put her in a position where she can feel free to act as she wants. From verse 532 to the end of the passage the snake states that eve is â€Å"sole wonder†, that she is a â€Å"universally admired† â€Å"celestial beauty† that should be â€Å" a goddes among gods, adored and served by angels numberless†. The snake thus seems to contradict Gods Hierarchy of creation, The Great Chain of Being. According to him, Eve is higher than all the other creations of god, and should be sitting just next to god, just as the Holy Spirit and Jesus. In this passage the snake is the voices that question god authority and urges Eve to more freedom which appears, in the eyes of God as an Heresy. Hence a parallel can be drawn betwen the questioning of God’s Hierarchy by the snakes and the questioning of God’s Hierarchy by the new theories about cosmos expressed by scientists such as Copernic who were at the time seen as Heretics, devilish prophets and treated as such. Now that we have seen in which way the snakes represents a symbol of temptation embodying as well as the Biblical symbol of sin, the Renaissance questioning of God’s Hierarchy, we are going to see and analyse Milton’s use of Classic Mythology in this passage. First Milton’s use of Classic reference in his text can be interpreted as a perversions of those myths. In this passage he uses three myth to illustrate the action. He first refers to the tale of Hermione and Cadmus taken from Metamorphoses written by Ovid in AD 8. According to this classic of Latin literature they were both transformed into snakes in an act of vengence from the Gods. Then he refers to transformation of â€Å"Amonian Jove† and â€Å"Capitoline† into snakes to seduce and â€Å"mate† with Olympias and the mother of Scipio to give birth of two of the most famous and glorious war chief of both hellenistic and Roman era: Alexander the Great and Scipio Africanus. We can notice that Milton cleverly used myth in which the snakes as a role close to the one it has in the Bible. Concerning Ovid, the snakes is an object of temptation for which Hermione yields and is thus punished by being transformed in a snake. Concerning the myth of the birth of Alexender and Scipio, the snakes, just as in the Bible, is in fact a deity in disguise, seducing a woman. But if we look closely, these myth appeared to be perverted. In the classical myth, the deity or characters who are transformed into a snake are great and nobles characters: Cadmus is the founder of Thebes, and Amonian Jove and Capitoline are Jupiter. In paradise lost, the snake is Satan, the personification of rebellion against God’s will and of all the Human Sins. In this antithetic linking of diverse mythology, Milton wants to contrast Satan perfidy with classical characters nobility while underlining common themes. He thus appeals to a particular knowledge of his readers. On the other hand , the author’s use of classical mythology in this text can be seen as another influence of the metaphysical poetry on the Milton. Mixing diverse sources of knowledge to build his imagery is a technic used by metaphysiacal poets such as John Donne. But when others metaphysical poets mixed scientific, geographical, astronomical discoveries with theology and philospy, Milton just mixed Judeo-christian religious myths with classical myths. Even if this influence is small, it is sufficient to guess that Milton, contemporaneous with Donne, Herbert, Henry or Crashaw, has drawn some inspiration from the work of these poets. Moreover, Milton use of Classical mythology is representative of the Renaissance. Indeed, it clearly illustrates the resurgence of classical works during this era. Every arts had been affected by this tendency, in paintings, the classical style was a new fashion, the subjects taken from greek mythology began to be more and more numerous, Michaelangelo being a good exemple in both the sculpture and painting field. This resurgence has also an impact on architecture (with the building of houses, mansions, official buildign following the principle of the straight line) , on philosophy ( the â€Å"raison† and the re-reading of the platonician and socratic philosophy) as well as on literature. Thus Milton appears as an exemple of this new interest ofr the classical literrature, and htis work, Paradise lost, embodies this feature of the Renaissance. Finally, as we have seen, Milton uses his main influence, the Bible, to depicts the snake as a symbol of temptation and perfidy and uses his other influence, the classical mythology, in a perversion of the myths to develop his imagery. Furthermore, analysing this text, we can see that Milton was also influenced by the Metaphysical Poets in his uses of mixed sources as well as the use of the theme of the link between sensuality and religion. This book, which is now one of the most famous piece of english poetry, had a great influence on following artists such as Blake who considered Milton as the major English Poet and Edmond Burke and the Romantic theory, asserting â€Å"No person seems better to have understood the secret of heightening, or of setting terrible things, if I may use the expression, in their strongest light, by the force of a judicious obscurity than Milton. † , valuating his exploration of blank verse. Milton also had a great impact on the English language by creating neologism that are still used today such as pand?monium, enslaved, satanic and self-esteem. How to cite Milton Paradise Lost Commentary, Papers

Rustlers of Panther Gap Essay Example For Students

Rustlers of Panther Gap Essay By: Chris Harms The Rustlers of Panther Gap by Gilbert Morris is a Story of a boy who is determined to help his Indian Friends. The kids at school treat Hawk and Robin Leatherwood rotten, just because theyre Indians. When the Buck brothers stand up for their friends, they Become a target, too. Whats even worse, someone is Cutting down Mr. Leatherwoods valuable black walnut Trees and making off with wood! The sheriff and his deputies say theyre doing all They can, but they keep coming up empty-handed. Finally, the Bucks have had enough! Somebodys got to Catch the no-good, rotten, sneaky thief, and they figure It might as well be them! So Jake hatches a scheme. All Barney has to do is use Joes newest invention-the Amazing flying Solarcycle-to play detective from the Air! About a week after they had a plan and decided on what they were going to do, more trouble comes along. A couple of no good boys (the Dursleys) start to interrupt their plans by ruining their Solarcycle and starting fights with Barney and Jake. But that wont stop them, they decide to take off anyway. One evening after Barney had taken off with the Solarcycle and had cruised around above the trees for about an hour or so, Barney spotted something, he couldnt really get a good view so he decided to move in for a closer look. That was all he needed! He spotted the criminals, it was the S******, Barney was shocked! Right when he was about to turn around a bullet ripped through the Solarcycles wing. It was too late; the Solarcycle was spinning dangerously towards the ground. He hit the ground and was knocked out. The next thing he knew he woke up laying down and the s****** leaning over him. Suddenly the s****** was pointing a gun at his head and said he was going to kill him for spying on him. When suddenly lights appeared all over and voices said, Back away from the kid, put your hands above your head! And he did so, and everyone lived happily ever after except for the S******. THE END Word Count: 357

English Essay Gothic Literature

Question: Discuss about theEnglish Essayfor Gothic Literature. Answer: Introduction Gothic literature can be described as the literature using the combination of grotesque, supernatural and absurd features as the primary driving force of the plot. Furthermore, it can be said that the physical features of the gothic elements are not put randomly in the congregation of the meaningless calamity and obscenity; rather the features are put after a clever calculation in order to convey the symbolism in the plot to the readers. The words and the physical features chosen for the characters in a gothic novella contribute to the blending of the ideas of the familiar and the exotic ones. The primary motif of Gothic literature is to deal with the horror, mystery and evil like it can be seen in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and in the chapter one of Varney the Vampire. Following the motifs of gothic culture, the characters and the symbols became a possible way of conveying the theme to the audience. Both the novels have used gothic styles and also the physical gothi c features of the characters to convey the mysterious and dark connotations to the readers. Discussion Robert Louis Stevensons novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde beautifully depicts the relationship between the Victorian Gothic and the scientific discourse. The story revolves around the mental situation split personality where inside one person, two personalities with differing characteristics reside, which is distinctly described in the novel with the different physical appearances of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. However, the novel was written before the psychological definition of split personality being established, therefore it appears to be influenced by the gothic characteristics and the predominant scientific theories in the late Victorian age. In this novel, the clear distinction between the physical appearances of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde link it to the gothic theme of mystery and atavistic behaviour. In this era, the scientific texts on anthropology, psychology and human behaviour had appeared to have merged with the fictional gothic literature. The most predominan t element in The Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is atavism, a theory developed by Cesare Lombroso. The theory gives rise to the fears of regressions which ideates that as humans have evolved from their individual primitive forms, therefore potentially they might return to that basic state and surrender to the primitive urges. Therefore, the atavistic behaviour is associated with the sense of criminality and represents transgressions like murder and violence which will further shatters the idea of standard Victorian forms of behaviour. This theory seems to have greatly influenced Stevensons novel and it is predominantly visible in the physical features of the characters. The dwarfish, unsettling manifestation of Edward Hyde and the violent and aggressive behaviour of his, defines the atavistic traits in this novel. The physical appearance of Mr. Hyde is a representation of dwarfism. Following the trend in the Victorian era, the theory of Anthropological Criminology is strong ly reinforced in the plot and believed by the readers of the era. Hence due to this mindset the readers would naturally think that the character is a criminal based on his physical appearance. Furthermore, also in Varney the Vampire, the portrayal of the supernatural vampire in the chapter one, also adheres to the theory of atavism and breaks the idea of standardized Victorian behaviour. The theme of doubling has also been used to represent the significant aspects of the symbolic role. The theme depicts the idea of duplicity of lives or copying others lives and leading a life of Doppelganger. This gets exposed to the when the horrendous transformation of Mr Jekyll in the atavistic criminal Hyde take place. The idea of both the men being revealed to the same person shows the generation of the transformation from the fear of regression. The depiction of a respectable man Dr. Jekyll being competent of the dreadful behaviour of Mr. Hyde is the indication of Stevensons manipulation of the Social fears and anxieties of Victorian era. It breaks the surface of the class concerned respectability which controlled the life styles of the respectable section of the society. As demonstrated in the novel, it is necessary to improvise that not only the working class of the society living in the slum area, but also the wealthy, educated, apparently decent people of the society are al so capable of committing serious crimes. The doubling theme has been symbolised throughout the novel. The London city being split into two, where at one side Mr. Utterson, Dr. Jekyll and their contemporaries stay and work is represented as the educated and wealthy area. It is identifiable in referral of Mr. Utterson to the Cavendis Square, where Dr. Lanyon stays, as that citadel of medicine. In contrast to that, another side of the city is indicated by the district of Soho, the slum area of London, which signified the atavistic playground in the novella. Assumedly Mr Hyde has a detestable appearance and has a house in the district where the aggressive behaviours go entirely unnoticed and unquestioned. This is a clear illustration for showing the theme doubling. The front part of the house of Dr. Jekyll has presented a great air of wealth and comfort. In the meantime Mr. Hyde is seen to enter building that exhibits the air of prolonged and sordid negligence. As the narrative provokes disgust about the physical appearance of Mr. Hyde, he is depicted as troglodytic, ape like, and hardly human. The gothic physical feature in the depiction of fashion shows how Stevenson has related it to the doubling theme. As Mr. Enfield, who is a distant relative of Mr. Utterson and a well known man in the town, has observed the appearance of Mr. Hyde as There is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable. The doubled appearances were shown to show the degeneration of the standardized behaviour of that era. Another physical feature of gothic literature, the gigantic size of the supernatural elements finds its relationship with the symbolism of the plot. This feature of the Victorian era is defined in the chapter one of Varney the Vampire, where the plot suggests the huge element entering a young girls room. The chapter one of the novel, Varney the vampire, opens with the depiction of the hailing midnight and it introduces a huge supernatural being. The supernatural is the primary element of the gothic culture and mostly the extremely large physical features indicates its relationship with the symbolic role. Relying upon the imaginary supernatural element or invoking directly the supernatural gigantic feature is a dominant physical feature of the gothic literature and this novel is no exception to it, "What -- what was it?" she gasped; "real or delusion?... A figure tall and gaunt, endeavouring from the outside to unclasp the window." The fundamental formula of the entering of the vampir e and biting the neck of a young girl has been one of the famous plot clichs to depict the idea of supernatural in the Victorian era. While the supernatural element has maintained to keep a steady foothold in the literature, the huge physical features have been more prevalent in the plot of the novel. Horror is another physical trait of the gothic era, which is represented in both the novels, the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Varney the Vampire with scary physical features of the characters. In the former novel the author intensifies the theme of horror focusing on the character of Mr. Hyde. The detailed establishment of the setting indicating the locked doors, foggy streets of London, the mysterious laboratories, dirty appearance of Mr. Hyde has contributed to the establishment of the theme. In chapter one of Varney the Vampire, the author describes an old house where the young lady is sleeping, with the dramatic reading Was that lightning? Yes -- an awful, vivid, terrifying flash... Who sleeps now in that ancient city? the author made it sound like a horror picture show. Also, the authors depiction of the hailing stormy night and the huge supernatural element has established the scare physical features that were prevalent in the novels of Victorian era. Conclusion Supernatural elements, portrayal of the doppelganger of an existing character help the readers to understand the gothic theme of the literature better. The gothic era has invoked the elements of suspense, mystery and gloom and has a tendency to portray the terrors. Both the novels have successfully invokes the physical gothic features of the characters and revealed the significant aspects of the symbolism in the plot. Bibliography Prest, T (n.d). Varney the Vampire. 1st ed. Stevenson, R (n.d). Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. 1st ed.

Utilize an APA Narrative Essay Sample

Utilize an APA Narrative Essay SampleIf you are looking for a way to boost your APA (American Psychological Association) writing skill, consider looking at an APA narrative essay sample. The APA keeps an archive of samples that you can use to demonstrate your good writing skills. You might even have access to a free one, if you choose to participate in an online discussion forum. The text is a very simple format, consisting of paragraphs that are similar to those used in the actual APA literature.When you're looking for the right direction to go in, you can visit the University of Chicago and look at their digital library of essays. It's a good place to start because they offer complete, correct copy of all essays. However, if you want to buy these, the cost would be about five dollars per chapter. The other options available are online review sites that provide an essay for every topic under the sun. This can get expensive quickly and if you're not really interested in this option, you could simply search for APA free samples by using Google.Here's a solution for you: the APA has created a website where you can look for APA narrative essays and download the text. I know that many of you might not have a computer and/or Internet access, but it seems like you shouldn't have to. The website makes available a wide variety of examples and you can choose from the whole bunch. You can pick one and download it. The delivery is entirely free and you can use it right away.Libriomedia also offers a sample online for every topic under the sun. You can also download a copy and use it immediately. The only downside is that you may need to have an account and the only benefit is that the text is free.The narration essay writing is not just for students but also for employees, companies, and even individuals. Since most of the information is self-explanatory, the purpose of an essay is not as important as the result. Writing is usually done when there is a need to communicate with others and the way the writer conveys the message is what matters. The mission of the narrators is to enhance the quality of communication and hopefully increase the efficiency of the process.Instead of reading through everything one by one and memorizing the contents, use this method to prepare for small talk and larger discussions. By doing so, you will be able to add value to the information being provided. It will also reduce the amount of time you spend studying.Thesaurus is also one of the tools used to help out with your research. Your imagination will get the job done and get to give the best answer to the question. Thesaurus is one tool you should invest in for your academic writing needs.

Preparing For Success free essay sample

Learning Reaction Evaluation Please help us improve our learning program by responding to our brief evaluation. Please use the following scale: 6=Strongly Agree; 5=Agree; 4=Somewhat Agree; 3=Somewhat Disagree; 2=Disagree; 1 †Strongly Disagree Course Title Start Date Delegate Name Duration Facilitator Name Cost Centre Strongly Agree Strongly Disagree 3 2 n/a 1. The facilitator was knowledgeable about the subject. 0 The facilitator was prepared and organized. 0 0 3. Participants were encouraged to take part in course discussions. 04. The acilitator was responsive to participants needs and questions. 0 5. The facilitators energy and enthusiasm kept the participants actively engaged. 6. The material content was appropriate. 7. The objectives were clearly explained. 0 8. The course content/ materials were sufficient to achieve course objectives. The length of the course was appropriate for the course objectives. 09. 011. 10. I learned new knowledge and skills from this course. This course was relevant to my work. 12. I will be able to apply the knowledge and skills learned in this course to do my Strongly Agree Strongly Disagree 13. This course will improve my Job performance. 0 If your response to 13 is n/a please skip to question 15. 14. This course will have a significant impact on: (check all that apply) 0 Increasing quality 0 Increasing productivity 0 Increasing employee satisfaction 0 Increasing customer satisfaction Decreasing risk Agree Strongly 15. 17. 18. I would recommend this course to my colleagues and co-workers. 0 0 16. What about this course was most useful to you? What about this course was least useful to you? How can we improve the course to make it more relevant to your Job?

Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace

Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace Free Online Research Papers Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace When you are an employee, you would want to be treated and compensated fairly at all times. Many employees today are aware of all their legal rights that they have at their workplace. They can find all the rights through their employee handbook, and/or through their Human Resources center. But there are still some employees that are not aware about their rights at all. When discussing about employee rights at work, managers and employees seems to have different point of view. Managers want their employees to do their jobs that they are entitling to do. They also want their employees to do their best and not to waste any time on their personal stuff that’s not related to their job. While most employees want to perform their best at work, but still want to be able to have some personal space. Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace are essential because it helps to protect the integrity of the employees and the company. Every employer wants their employees to do well, and to be able to perform their jobs descriptions. That is why many companies are being very strict with their employees about using company’s essentials for personal uses. Most companies don’t even let their employees use the company’s essentials such as telephones, computer terminals, and internet access during their break time. The reason is that when the computers are used for personal purposes, it can cause other computers in the company to run slower, because it might be using a different program, and another reason is that someone can hacked into the company’s computer and steal all the company’s data base, private information, and ect. To avoid any of these things from happening the company can set aside a few old/used computers that employees can use during t heir break times to check their emails, or to use it for personal use. That way the company can feel safe and secure that none of their data, or any business related information can be lost. The company should also have a sign stated that these computers are still being monitored for websites only, which means there will be no monitoring into anyone’s emails, or personal stuff. This will help to ensure that no employees are using the computers for inappropriate usage, such as using the computers to go on inappropriate websites. Every employee wants to do their job well, and to be able to perform their job descriptions, but they do not want their every moved to be logged or monitored. With many new technologies employers are now able to monitor every aspect of their employees. Employers’ can monitor their employees on the telephones, computer terminals, and internet access. In the Employee Issues (2003-2008) states that â€Å"Up to 92% of private-sector employers conduct some type of electronic surveillance on their employees. Most company may do so even without the consent or knowledge of their employees† (para. 1). Every employees should have the right to know if there is any type of monitoring going on, such as computer key strokes and files, internet, web, and email usage, locations, movements, and activities, phone conversations, and phone numbers that have been dialed, and job performances. That way they are informed of what is going on around them, so that they don’t feel l ike they are been invaded at any point. Many employers will record their employee’s phone calls for reasons of quality controls, without having any consent from their employees. How is this invading the privacy of the employees? When the call is being monitored without any knowledge of the employee, it makes it harder on the employee. The reason for that is because when an employee is making a phone call to a customer and it is being recorded without any consent to the employee that is invading the privacy between the employee and the customer. For instances the conversations between the employee and customers are private, and the customer do not want anyone to know what they are talking about. When the conversations are being recorded without informing the employee or the customer the conversations is then isn’t private anymore. That can cause the customers to lose trust and interest in the company and the employee, when the customer finds out that the conversations between them and the employee were n ot private and that they were not being informed about the recorded conversations. But when the company is being honest and letting their employees know that all their phone calls are being monitored or recorded, they can let the customers know before they start any conversation. That way the customers will appreciate the employee and the employee will appreciate the company more by letting them know what is going on. Employers can also let their employees know when there is any monitoring by putting a peep tone on the phone, that way the employee knows that the conversation is being recorded, and they can let the customer know if they need to. Not many employers want their employees to have personal phone calls while they are at work. There are many employees that have kids or their own personal stuff that they have to sometimes deal with even when they are at work. Sometimes employees use their work time to make personal phone calls to check up on things that is going on that they might be worried about because they are at work. Most employees know their limits on personal phone calls. Employers should allow their employees to be able to make personal phone calls if needed, but with a minimal time limit. When the employees know that the company cares about their employees they would want to work harder for them, because they feel like they have some personal space at work when needed. When the employees are making personal phone calls there shouldn’t be any recording or monitoring going on because that’s invading their privacy. In the Privacy Rights Clearing House (1993-2006) stated that â€Å"An imp ortant exception is made for personal calls. Under federal case law, when an employer realizes the call is personal, he or she must immediately stop monitoring the call†. (Watkins v. L.M. Berry Co., 704 F.2d 577, 583 (11th Cir. 1983). Unless the employee chooses to use a specific phone that’s strictly for business to make a personal phone call then they are taking a risk that the call may be monitored. Otherwise every personal phone call shouldn’t be monitored unless told otherwise. To help keep the employees to use the company’s phones, employers should create a policy that states: 1When needed to make any personal phone calls please use your mobile phone first. 2)If you do not have a mobile phone, there is a phone that they can use for personal calls when needed. 3)If they choose to use a phone that’s not designated for personal calls, their call might be monitored or recorded. 4)There are specific computers that employees can use during their break time for any personal use, there will monitor these computers web sites only. There is no monitoring into the employees, email or personal stuff. This will help to ensure that no employees are using the computer for inappropriate usage, such as inappropriate websites. These policies will help the employees understand more about what the company‘s policy on personal phone calls. It will also help to prevent from invading anyone’s personal space or anyone’s personal privacy. Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace are essential because it helps to protect the integrity of the employees and the company. Every employee should have the rights to know about everything that is going on in the company. They should all be aware of what is happening, what is important that they can learn from, and they should always be updated or informed about any new policies that the company has. It is really important that the employee understands what the company’s point of view is, that will make the employee more knowledgeable about the company. Every company should have a written policy about monitoring employees, the policy should include that every phone in the company are been monitor or recorded, except for specific phones that are for employees to use when needed for personal calls. The policy should be posted where employees are able to see it, and it should also be in their employee handbook. These policies will help to protect the privacy of the e mployees, customers, and the company. Watching Workers (2007) stated that â€Å"respecting the personal lives of your employees is good business. Research Papers on Employee Privacy Rights in the WorkplaceTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceResearch Process Part OneThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Contacts to ZnO (zinc oxide) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Contacts to ZnO (zinc oxide) - Research Paper Example Furthermore, as ZnO films and crystals may be interfaced with a variety of metals to form schottky and ohmic contacts. ZnO contacts have the capability of replacing conventional or time tested materials that have been used including the AlInGaN system and so, ZnO contacts may pave way for more reliable and less costly appliances. ZnO has a hexagonal or wurtzite crystal structure. The wurtzite structure is formed with the Zn atoms being tetrahedrally coordinated with four O atoms. This allows the Zn d shell electrons to hybridize with the p shell of O. ZnO has a density of 5.606 g/cm3, melting point of 1975Â °C and exciton binding energy of 60mEV. The compound is a direct band gap semi conductor that has Eg=3.2eV. ZnO can be molded to produce desired electrical properties by divalent subsititution on the cation site. ZnO supports both n-type and p-type doping. The presence of Zn interstitials, O vacancies and hydrogen .The intrinsic level defects that cause n-type doping are 0.01-0.05eV below the conduction band. The material possesses an intrinsic direct band gap, a strong exciton state and gap states due to the presence of point defects. A study of the optical properties of ZnO by use of photoluminesence, photoconductivity and absorption confirms the presence of point defects[10].. ZnO is a wide gap semi conductor. Wide gap semi conductors are known to be more susceptible to n type doping; such as n-type doping through of ZnO through addition of excess Zn, Aluminum or Gallium. In this instance ZnO can be easily doped to form n-type material rather than p-type material. The reason behind the difficulty in doping ZnO to form p-type material can be linked to a number of reasons. In some cases, the inate point defects within the material compensate for the additional impurity by forming deep level traps. In other instances strong lattice relaxations push the dopant energy level deeper into the

Comparison of the constraining factors of local employment Essay

Comparison of the constraining factors of local employment law(national law) between USA and UK - Essay Example UK, like the other economies in the world, has also suffered an economic decline because of the economic crisis, much more due to its exposure in the financial sector. (CIA world Factbook). Because of this, the country was pressed into a recession in the middle of 2008. Labor has been affected because unemployment rate stepped up to 7.9% in 2010 as against 7.6 %in 2009. As shown in table below, the year 2011 has the highest unemployment rate in UK since 2003. Fig. 1. Unemployment rate in UK Source: CIA World Factbook, cited in Index Mundi Political environment Workers in UK are protected by the employment law. UK implements a national minimum wage amount of ?6.08 per hour to workers above 21, while ?4.98 is paid to workers with ages 18-20. Wage rate is much lower to 16-17 that is ?3.68S and for apprentice rate is ?2.60.how below are the entitlement of workers under this law. Working hours in UK should not exceed 48 hours, but there are instances that exempt certain class of workers f rom this. Doctors, domestic servants, police and army personnel and those engaged in emergency work are exempted in48 hours rule. All workers are entitled to holiday pay of 5.6 weeks paid annual leave, sick leave, of 5.5 times, rest breaks and overtime pay. These privileges are stipulated in an employment contract that has a term expiry. Sunday is a work day in UK (direct.gov.) Immigration rules. All foreign workers eager to work in UK must obtain a working permit. To qualify, applicant must qualify in the points based system for immigration for work based categories. Investors, entrepreneurs and exceptionally talented person, called as high-value migrants should pass the point system, and they are welcome to UK without the need for job offers. Other qualifications to work in UK are being a skilled worker, temporary worker, domestic worker, or representative of an overseas firm, broadcasting firm or a newspaper organization (UK Border Agency) Demographics Population of UK as of 2011 is 62,678,362. Age structure of working group is divided into 15-64 age bracket with male having 20,979,000 and female 20,500,000. With a labor force of 31.45 million part of this belong to women labor (CIA World Factbook, 2011). The constraint for employment is found to be the gender gap of pay that becomes barriers to women working in occupations traditionally done by men. According to Facts Fawcett society, the gender pay gap is estimated at 15.5% that could be worth L15 to L23 billion. The study of this society showed that 64% of lowest paid workers are women, and many of them are doing part-time work which is paid lower than the hourly rate work. 2. United States Economy The United States has a market oriented economy wherein businesses, organizations and individuals are allowed to make their own decisions while the federal government buys goods and services in the marketplace. US enjoy flexibility in management as compared to other countries and they can expand capital plant, develop new products and lay off surplus workers. Economic The economic crisis is one of the major constraints in local employment in the US labor market because as shown in the chart below, the unemployment rate has continued to rise up to 9.7% in 2010. Source: Bureau of Labor & Statistics.

Perceptions And Experiences Of Survivors Of Retrenchment Philosophy Essay

Perceptions And Experiences Of Survivors Of Retrenchment Philosophy Essay The preceding chapter justified the selected methodology as an appropriate research strategy in the framework created by the research problem and literature review. This chapter presents the findings obtained from the present study. It represents a thematic synopsis of the prevailing survivor responses obtained through three in-depth semi-structured interviews, where each core theme is described followed by a description of the contributory sub-themes within the core themes as well as aggravating factors (if applicable). Themes will be illustrated with direct quotations in a manner that adequately addresses the construed experiences of the interviewed survivors. The first core theme to emerge is the prevailing end state of survivors in the present study. The survivors demonstrated differing forms of denial, and these manifestations are illustrated as the subsequent three core themes, with their aggravating factors. The next core themes to emerge relates to the affective and behavioural responses of survivors throughout the retrenchment process. Finally, the theme underlying and giving rise to the other themes is that of the survivors perception of the company retrenchment experience. The chapter concludes with a critical discussion of the present study in light of previous research and literature in the field, and guidelines for organisations that are contemplating, or have already commenced, with retrenchments to reduce the anticipated negative effects of the retrenchment process. 5.2 RESEARCH RESULTS AND FINDINGS In this section, the themes obtained from the gathered data are considered. As previously noted, the interviewees were quoted verbatim these quotes are demarcated by the use of blue, italic text type. Journal and memo inclusions are demarcated by the use of italic text in shaded boxes. In order to illustrate the perceptions and experiences of survivors of retrenchment, the outcomes of the present study are represented in Figure 5.1. 5.2.1 Denial The first theme elicited from the interview transcriptions is that of survivor denial. Other researchers (De Vries Balazs, 1997; Greenhalgh Jick, 1989; Noer, 1993) have explored diverse defensive responses provoked by the retrenchment experience. One frequent and widespread response is denial, a defensive mechanism equally manifesting in both management and employees who is currently experiencing, or have recently experienced, retrenchment. Denial can be defined as unconscious negation of some or all of the total available meanings of an event to alleviate anxiety or other unpleasant condition. Denial covers situations in which individuals in words, act, or fantasies attempt to avoid painful reality. (Dorpat, 1983). Denial assisted the survivors in regulating their feelings of grief, thus protecting them from anxiety and pain by refusing to completely experience happenings that the survivor could not cope with. In this regard, there is a charm in denial, as it only lets in as much grief as can be handled. However, the survivors could not work through these initial stages of the grief cycle, and subsequently, became stuck in the denial phase. This outcome is the result of various contributing factors, which has been identified as themes supporting this end state. All three interviewed survivors were in a state of denial, as they had not developed or were not equipped with constructive coping mechanisms to deal with the stress and anxiety caused by the retrenchment process. According to Chapman (2009), individuals reactions to distressing events are as unique as a fingerprint. This is clearly demonstrated as the denial manifested in three forms, which will subsequently be discussed. Fish bowl reaction The first manifestation of denial was that of the Fishbowl effect this is characterised by the survivors experiencing a pervasive sensation of being under constant scrutiny from other employees affected employees in the organisation. The survivors are scrutinised as a result of their position within the company whether it be hierarchical position or divisional position. Although the mental process of denial cannot be observed directly, it can be inferred from verbal behaviour. To this effect, Cramer (1987) developed categories for identifying denial. Pertinent to the fish bowl effect are: Statements of negation: An individual contradicts an action, wish or intention, which, if acknowledged, would cause discontent, pain, anxiety or humiliation. Again, you know, and then it seems almost like the fairy tale situation where I am ecstatically happy you know, you get your days where you just want to dart out of here and it is too much Overly maximising the positive or minimizing the negative: Sizeable exaggeration or underestimation of a characters quality, size, power, role and authority. I was involved, sitting in at the meetings with some of the directors and general managerswe did discuss some of the positions that might fall awayI was involvedbut not the actual decision making. Survivors soon realise that working in this fishbowl, everyone scrutinizes what they are doing and because other employees can offer their critique, looking good becomes as important as doing the right thing. It appears that initially, the interviewees are intensely aware of the scrutiny and their role in the unpleasant exercise, however, in order to escape the anxiety that this creates; selected stimuli and observations are unconsciously denied. You are emotional when you in our function you cant be emotional, you need to kind of your emotions need to be put to the side to stay professional. So we were stretched, and I was stretched beyond that I thought that I could do or endure. But luckily we went through it. Further to this, in the fish bowl effect manifestation, considerable attention was given to the details of the issue as this served as a distraction enabling the survivors to avoid the affective whole. This was clearly demonstrated by one survivor who insisted that the company did not communicate the financial specifics for the severance package. However, when I reviewed the company documentation, this seemed to be the one element that was clearly and consistently communicated. Kets de Vries and Balazs (1996, 1997) reported similar findings. I would have handled the process in such a way that employees knew exactly what the package entailedknow where you are at lets have a look at maybe, how does your Provident Fund look like. Keep more information, so that people can make a more informed decision. In the present study, denial appeared to be an extension of the initial avoidance response. When reality threatened the survivors directly, and when the behaviours of avoidance were no longer adequate, the survivors turned to denial. The difference between denial and avoidance is the difference between passivity and activity, or between the tacit and the overt (Gottlieb, 2004). however, the meeting was postponed on the first occasion, due to the participant being too busy on the specific day. The interview was re-scheduled on this day, I had to remind the participant of the interview, yet the interview started 10 minutes late. I found it rather disturbing that the participant was rather non-committal with some of the answers, not committing to any specific viewpoint, but rather skirting the issue as to not tick anyone, thereby remaining on the fence. The participant seemed to take on the role of champion of the company, even though most answers pointed towards disagreement. During the interview, she spoke freely about relevant retrenchment issues, but it left me with a feeling of superficiality, as the issues raised were addressed fleetingly (this seems to be a denial in itself?) and the topic was consistently changed after a few minutes, almost contradicting what she said earlier. The change of topic occurred when discussions about emotions were further explored. It seems that the recall of intense emotional experience (negative) during the period of retrenchment creates feeling of anxiety that is denied and suppressed. Non-committal answers might be an attempt to deny negative experiences and or defend the company out of a sense of loyalty to organisation or defending own role in retrenchment. In the fishbowl state, the survivor is so preoccupied with doing the right thing and looking good to both management and employees that they consistently deny and bury their own emotional responses to retrenchment. This manifestation of this denial encompasses the alteration of language and logic to justify their behaviour (Cramer, 1987; Stein, 1997). Looking back on the entire process and where we are now, a year later you think it was a good business decision? At the time yes, for the business to continue, because we didnt know the economy was going to turn. Yes, I would say at that given point in time it could have been a good business decision. all affected people kind of made good business senseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I dont know if that makes any sense at all but made good business sense. So I think everybody would understand that none of this was a personal mission to get rid of anybody. It is possible that, as a consequence of prolonged denial in the fishbowl state, the survivors reasonable argument and cognitive schemata might be discarded altogether, because those strategies are not sustainable and are unable to persuade others; at which time the survivor will merely refer to their feelings or emotions as the exclusive justification. (Cramer, 1987). Placing all your eggs in the downsizing organisations basket It would seem that the strategies of retaining employees for the long-term have had negative, inadvertent consequences on the survivors seducing employees into a co-dependent relationship with the organisation. The co-dependent employees sense of value and identity is based on pleasing someone or something else. A lot of duality in this interview unhappy at work, yet wishing to stay, also expressing regret at not being retrenched, yet sacrificing her relationship to perform responsibilities at work. Defending abuse from management, yet complaining about management style. According to Noer (2009), benefits, services and office size are all advantages that reward seniority and tenure. In addition, Company X has in recent years placed more focus on employee wellness programmes, thereby channelling employees social patterns into organisationally endorsed activities. The result is that numerous employees have placed all of their emotional and social eggs in the organisational basket as the retrenchments were implemented and the new psychological contract unfolded, the basket has been dropped, and, according to Noer (1993), resulting in a range of negative survivor symptoms, such as fear and anxiety and triggering co-dependent behaviours like control and denial. The duality experienced could possibly be viewed as anxious denial there seems to be a swing from one extreme to the other, as if she cannot consolidate these conflicting emotions and feelings and the anxiety that this is causing. This denial and need for control is verbalised / acted out in the desire to have been retrenched. Due to the role that I fulfil on Organisation X, I have been privy to discussion about subsequent decisions made by this participant affecting / sacrificing her private life for the benefit of her career. As previously discussed, the higher the organisational level, the stronger the denial tends to be. It is therefore not surprising that the interviewee who most strongly displays this manifestation of denial, is the highest ranking employee interviewed. Although the concept of co-dependency will be discussed later in this section, it should be noted that previous research (Noer, 1993) indicated that co-dependants make themselves into permanent victims. It seems that perhaps this is the most salient characteristic of this manifestation of denial by denying any other role other than that of the victim, the survivor has rejected their role and accountability as part of the senior management team of Organisation X, as well as rejecting activities that should have been undertaken as part of management responsibility. Thereby effectively denying the extent to which her lack of action contributed to negative impacts on others, specifically the affected subordinates. A possible explanation for this unconscious decision is that it is an attempt to avoid guilt, and possibly shame. but with even like with subordinate I worked with, right until a week which before she moved, she didnt really know what was going to happen to her. She was told, Divisional Manager said to me, well maybe she would fit in with General Manager: XXXs department. So I went back, said to Subordinate, please set up a meeting with General Manager: XXX go speak to him, see what the job is all about. But nobody spoke to her I spoke to her said, lets make an appointment with General Manager: XXX.so nobody spoke to her, it wasnt like a person or thing. I know with Subordinate, nobody came to speak to her to say you know you are going to lose your position, but there is another position for you this is what it entails or set up an appointment with General Manager: XXX or anythingI would have like to just walked with my people a little bit more, so that theyre not so unhappy. There were lots of rumours and think from that aspect, maybe they were not as open as they should have been. This is congruent to two of Cramers (1987) characteristic of denial, namely the denial of reality whereby the survivor avoids addressing something that would be unpleasant to think about, in this case the loss of her subordinate to another department as well as her abdication of responsibility as departmental head. Secondly, statements of negation where the individual contradicts an action, wish or intention, which, if acknowledged, would cause discontent, pain, anxiety or humiliation. Further to this, and supporting the previous assertion of the strong denial of management responsibility, dissatisfaction with company direction, management credibility and long-term strategy were particularly strong amongst the most senior survivor interviewed, which is interesting as she is responsible for some of these functions. A lot of the instructions that were given are very short term. So, I think from an environment point of view, I just feel Im not learning as much as I could have, because everything is now killing the fires and its short term strategies, so you dont actually learn or develop and there is not time to develop as a person within the company. How would you describe your level of trust, in the management team of the company?very low trust. Because if something goes wrong, they blame somebody else. This candidate is part of senior management, yet seems to feel ostracized. Perhaps this is the reason for her projections? Further to the above, when psychological denial distorts reality, individuals are prone to make erroneous decisions or avoid complicated decisions and disregard serious problems; holding others responsible when things do not turn out as expected (Cramer, 1987). This finding is supported by subsequent verifiable information that became known to me recently as a result of the interview and my position within the organisation. one interviewee fluctuated between almost total denial of her accountability and role (as senior manager) in the retrenchment and repeated attempts to bring about her own death (Kà ¼bler-Ross, 1969) in the organisation. This self-sabotage took the form of non-performance, defiance when dealing with top management and ignoring communications. Some aggravating factors to this denial reaction must also be noted the first is the espoused value of the new psychological contract and secondly the presence of aggravating peripheral circumstances. These factors will be explored and discussed later in this section. Keeping up appearances: coping by not coping This manifestation is characterised by the minimisation of the overall effect that the retrenchment had on the survivors. Although feelings of uncertainty, stress and guilt had been experienced, there were some expressions of optimism and perceptions that Company X engaged in a tough, but necessary activity to get or keep the company on track toward profitability. I think for anybody this is a very difficult exercise to go throughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ there was not you dont need to worry, it is never going to happen, youre safe. There was never any of that false hope created. I dont know if that makes any sense at all but made good business sense. Unfortunately, as a business, this is the only way we can survive. This technique has been termed denial of injuries by Gandolfi (2009) and pertains to survivors involved in the retrenchment process maintaining that retrenchment victims did not suffer any detrimental consequences. In the aforementioned study, this was the reaction where victims were provided with generous severance packages. The findings of the current study in consistent with this, as all interviewed survivors exhibited a manifestation of denial and without fail, referred to the generous severance packages. Well, I looked at the packages and I know that they were really good based on obviously you know what the packages based on experience, based on years service and based on beginner service and all those sort of things. However, the denial is evident in the contradictions during the interviews, as well as during discussion that pertained to behavioural and affective responses during the retrenchment. This is congruent with two of Cramer (1987) identified characteristics of denial, namely: Statements of negation: An individual contradicts an action, wish or intention, which, if acknowledged, would cause discontent, pain, anxiety or humiliation. Obviously I could not divulge that until the final decisions had been madeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ when you are going through a structural change there is this cloud of secrecy and certain people know whats going on, and there is talking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it was communicated to them [affected department], and it was done right down to the brutal truth. Unexpected goodness, optimism, positivity: nonchalance in the face of threats. The team is not quite where it needs to be yet, but certainly we pulling more together in terms of the transparencies and the cross functional support areas where we may be 5 years ago. I got to say the resizing exercise did a lot in terms of shaking up peoples foundations where you thought you were so secure, everybody realized nobody is secure. But what changed it and what made this last resizing exercise so positive, is the way it was handled. These reported perceptions are complex and quite often contradictory. The same survivors who articulated sentiments of optimism also articulated strong sentiments of uncertainty, stress and changed work life perceptions. Uncertainty was most apparent in the continuous attempts to obtain the approval and validation of reactions from me, as if to establish whether the perceptions are correct, or perhaps to avoid confronting actions that causes guilt by perceiving this to be a common occurrence. It seems as if the survivors escaped dealing with their personal feelings by focusing on projected organisational outcomes. This is congruent to previous research (Noer, 1993) as well a variation on the fishbowl effect, where survivors focus on details to escape dealing with their personal feelings. The objectives were pretty clear and that was that we need to look at the functions within the department, and the main objective was not clearing heads, that was never the main objective. The main objective was look at the functions, how can we work and structure this department to work smarter. Not necessarily cheaper, but smarter and obviously ultimately is there a possibility for the right sizingthe objective was never to get the heads of the headcount, never. Obviously you know long term wise it is a win- win situation for everybody. This particular manifestation seems to be exacerbated by previous experience of a retrenchment possibly colouring the survivors frame of reference. The interviewee that displayed this manifestation most prominently has personally survived two previous retrenchments at Organisation X. Another interviewee who displayed this manifestation of denial to a lesser extent had survived one previous retrenchment at Organisation X and recalls that her father had experienced a retrenchment at his employer at the time. I am left to wonder whether this positive attitude is genuine or whether the participant is still keeping up appearances for the benefit of who perhaps top management perhaps. Is this denial (of damage done to others) a facade to hide feelings of being the executioner as the participant clearly indicated that she felt guilty for being picked to stay whilst other employees (in her department) became victims. This reaction can possibly be attributed to repeated experiences of retrenchment resulting in emotional numbing (Kets de Vries Balazs, 1996), whereby the survivor starts to experience problems with a reduced capacity to feel. According to Kets de Vries and Balazs (1996), this defensive process is set in motion a state of affairs overflowing with painful emotions and psychological conflict. This reaction was used as a means to shelter the survivors from intolerable experiences and functions as a type off shut-off mechanism this emotional shut-off is essentially the core of psychological denial as discussed in the introduction to this section. It appears as if the survivors resort to doing to prevent experiencing. One of the survivors went into great detail about her growth in the company, her flexibility with regards to long-term career goals, the positive relationships with both top management and Human Resources, and her perception of how other departments handled this process. In all of this, she never voluntarily referred to feelings. When specifically asked about her feelings and reactions during the time of retrenchments, she conceded that she did feel saddened by the process, but quickly added that this was reserved for after-hours and in general, she felt that it had been a process well handled. What seems to be true for all of the participants is that their involvement in retrenchments is an activity that opposes their base belief about organisational life. Underlying this base belief is the psychological employment contract. These survivors have to cope with significant change at the same time as experiencing it. Shared denial Although the survivors engaged in the same basic defence mechanism, the expression of the defence took various forms. It is interesting to note that there are some shared reactions in the expression of denial, namely the denial of the survivors own expectation of the old psychological contract to hold true and the unfailing blaming of others for negative outcomes experienced. Each of these shared reactions will consequently be explored. Denial of belief in old psychological contract All of the interviewees espoused the values of the new psychological contract and advocated its importance in the new world of work, yet, all the interviewees demonstrated throughout the interview, that they have a very strong expectation that the old psychological contract is to hold true for them on Organisation X. . I really would like to have an overseas assignment. Just to get exposure, because for me is I want a long term relationship with Company X. I was quite happy here and I thought, well, I am happy to stay with Company X for the next 10 years. Whatever I wanted to develop, I would like to get to a General Manager level, learn as much as I can from the company. It seems that the survivors agree with the logic and the theory of the new psychological contract, but that this new way paradigm conflicts with their need for membership and would require a great mindset shift. I believe that most employees expect an organisation to look after them and that you will receive the benefits, or reap the benefits of hard work. But in reality, that does not work that wayI know that your psychological contract has changed during the course of the last few years, but still, I think that maybe employees want to be trained in such way that they can move on, out of the organisation, with more skills they what they come into. Despite strongly advocating the new psychological contract the participants responses throughout the interview indicates a strong co-dependency on the company being researched. It seems as if the participant defines a (big?) part of herself by achievement / growth / future in / at the company being researched. Also, this participant perhaps more than the other participants espouses the values of the new psychological contract, yet looks at the organisation to provide growth and development, and feels betrayed and offended that the current situation impacted on her development. The survivors denial of their belief in the old psychological contract could possibly be explained by the concept of co-dependence. The co-dependent changed their identity, denied their feelings and spend a substantial quantity of energy in an effort to control an alcoholic; shared the alcoholics addiction. The co-dependent does not notice the destruction that their denial causes to themselves and others they were co-dependent with the alcoholic (Bekker, 1998; Noer, 1993) According to Noer (1993), just as a person can exist in a co-dependent state with another person in relation to an addiction, a person can also be co-dependent with an organisational system. Employees of an organisation who have become co-dependent on the organisation, defines themselves to a large extent by their job. During a retrenchment, it is therefore not only their job that becomes vulnerable, but also their sense of worth, sense of relevance, identity and purpose. This phenomenon could explain most, if not all, of the survivor experiences explored in this study. As discussed in section 3.3.4, the greater the sense of personal violation, the greater the susceptibility to survivor syndrome and destructive defence mechanisms. The perception of violation appears directly related to the degree of trust employees had that Organisation X will take care of them (Noer, 1993). The survivors all indicated that they definitely had the expectation of long-term employment at Company X, with the associated growth and development as reward for their tenure and performance. The retrenchment experience seemed to be a rude wake-up call that this is in actual fact not the truth. There is no such thing as life-long employment. There is a classic saying, if you want loyalty, buy a dog. It is all good and well to be committed to a company, but there is no guarantee, not either way, that you are going to be with that company for a life-long commitment or that that the company is going to keep you on for a life-long commitmentonce you heard that very clear definition that life owes you nothing and Company X owes you nothing and I owe you nothing. That kind of inspired you to do more and to want more. You know, if I came in at age 17, turning 18 in February, that I was working, thinking I am just going to be a typist for the rest of my life and Company X going to keep me, keep me, you gonna have to want that little bit more ever so often. If you are not motivated, and if you are not accepting those challenges, there is no future for you here. Denying their belief in the truth of the old psychological contract, might serve two purposes: By verbally acknowledging the value of the new psychological contract, they are espousing the message that is expected of them due to their position within the company. As in the fishbowl effect manifestation, the survivors are seen to be doing the right thing and looking good; By denying their belief in the truth of the old psychological contract, the survivors are attempting to avoid the painful reality that this paradigm no longer holds true by refuting their own truth by their words and actions. Blaming of others All interviewed survivors blamed other groups. In most cases, generic management were blamed or colleagues in organisation X, however, no interviewee assigned any blame for negative outcomes to themselves. Nevertheless, people tend to blame others usually the next person up on the organisational chart for what is a basic systemic change, beyond anyones control. But then, if I look at other areas that the same sort of exercises, and I dont know if it is because it was handled poorly, that maybe their management wasnt being honest or forthcoming with their people. Look at the XXX department a huge mess. You know, where people left on the end of the month, and there was absolutely nobody trained to do those. If youre ultimate goal is to get rid of people on downsize and get rid of people on a head count level that is easy to do. This blaming phenomenon could be a form of projection that serves as a defence mechanism, assisting the survivor to confront their own survivor guilt by allowing the survivor to consider others as dysfunctional without experiencing the discomfort of realising that these views and feelings are their own. This allows the survivor to express disapproval of the other person, distancing themselves from their own dysfunction (Straker, 2009). This reaction has also been noted by previous researchers such as Noer (1993), Kets de Vries and Balazs (1996) and Appelbaum et al. (1997). Based on the preceding discussion, it is put forward that blaming others for whichever collection of consequences generally represents denial. Contributory themes As a result of the survivors inability to progress through the stages of grief and complete their mourning, the interviewed survivors remained in state of denial. Contributing to these responses and outcomes were the presence of aggravating peripheral circumstances and role conflict. Role conflict Beauchamp and Bray (2001) defines role conflict as referring to the presence of incongruent expectations placed on a role incumbent. The presence of role conflict exacerbating the effects of denial was evident amongst survivors. This role conflict related to the dual roles of being involved in the implementation of the retrenchment for the survival of Company X and the emotional effect that the aforementioned has on the survivor. You are emotional when you in our function you cant be emotional, you need to kind of your emotions need to be put to the side to stay professional. So, you talk to people over the telephone, and they are emotional that side, youre sitting on this side, and you know their affected it is a difficult, difficult time. It is possible that this role conflict also contributed to the extensive engagement in reasoning to justify retrenchments. This reaction is similar to what Noer (1993) described as the Judas complex. This reaction seems to allow the survivors to deny the negative impact of their actions on others. It is very difficult to keep your managers hat on and on the other side of the scale to put your humanitarian hat on.you had to come in